Essec\Faculty\Model\Profile {#2233
  #_id: "B00000096"
  #_source: array:40 [
    "bid" => "B00000096"
    "academId" => "1940"
    "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
    "fullName" => "Patricia CHARLETY-LEPERS"
    "lastName" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS"
    "firstName" => "Patricia"
    "title" => array:2 [
      "fr" => "Professeur"
      "en" => "Professor"
    ]
    "email" => "charlety@essec.edu"
    "status" => "ACTIF"
    "campus" => "Campus de Cergy"
    "departments" => []
    "phone" => "+33 (0)1 34 43 30 15"
    "sites" => []
    "facNumber" => "1940"
    "externalCvUrl" => "https://faculty.essec.edu/cv/charlety-lepers-patricia/pdf"
    "googleScholarUrl" => null
    "facOrcId" => null
    "career" => array:6 [
      0 => Essec\Faculty\Model\CareerItem {#2257
        #_index: null
        #_id: null
        #_source: array:7 [
          "startDate" => "1985-10-01"
          "endDate" => "2003-08-31"
          "isInternalPosition" => true
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Positions académiques principales"
            "en" => "Full-time academic appointments"
          ]
          "label" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Professeur assistant"
            "en" => "Assistant Professor"
          ]
          "institution" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "ESSEC Business School"
            "en" => "ESSEC Business School"
          ]
          "country" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "France"
            "en" => "France"
          ]
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"parent": Essec\Faculty\Model\Profile {#2233}
      }
      1 => Essec\Faculty\Model\CareerItem {#2258
        #_index: null
        #_id: null
        #_source: array:7 [
          "startDate" => "2003-09-01"
          "endDate" => "2006-08-31"
          "isInternalPosition" => true
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Positions académiques principales"
            "en" => "Full-time academic appointments"
          ]
          "label" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Professeur associé"
            "en" => "Associate Professor"
          ]
          "institution" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "ESSEC Business School"
            "en" => "ESSEC Business School"
          ]
          "country" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "France"
            "en" => "France"
          ]
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"parent": Essec\Faculty\Model\Profile {#2233}
      }
      2 => Essec\Faculty\Model\CareerItem {#2259
        #_index: null
        #_id: null
        #_source: array:7 [
          "startDate" => "2006-09-01"
          "endDate" => null
          "isInternalPosition" => true
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Positions académiques principales"
            "en" => "Full-time academic appointments"
          ]
          "label" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Professeur"
            "en" => "Professor"
          ]
          "institution" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "ESSEC Business School"
            "en" => "ESSEC Business School"
          ]
          "country" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "France"
            "en" => "France"
          ]
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"parent": Essec\Faculty\Model\Profile {#2233}
      }
      3 => Essec\Faculty\Model\CareerItem {#2260
        #_index: null
        #_id: null
        #_source: array:7 [
          "startDate" => "2018-11-01"
          "endDate" => "2022-08-31"
          "isInternalPosition" => true
          "type" => array:2 [
            "en" => "Other appointments"
            "fr" => "Autres positions"
          ]
          "label" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Responsable du département Economie"
            "en" => "Head of the Economics Department"
          ]
          "institution" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "ESSEC Business School"
            "en" => "ESSEC Business School"
          ]
          "country" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "France"
            "en" => "France"
          ]
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"parent": Essec\Faculty\Model\Profile {#2233}
      }
      4 => Essec\Faculty\Model\CareerItem {#2261
        #_index: null
        #_id: null
        #_source: array:7 [
          "startDate" => "1960-01-15"
          "endDate" => null
          "isInternalPosition" => true
          "type" => array:2 [
            "en" => "Other Academic Appointments"
            "fr" => "Autres positions académiques"
          ]
          "label" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Chargée de cours"
            "en" => "Lecturer"
          ]
          "institution" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "L'École nationale de la statistique et de l'administration économique (ENSAE)"
            "en" => "L'École nationale de la statistique et de l'administration économique (ENSAE)"
          ]
          "country" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "France"
            "en" => "France"
          ]
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"parent": Essec\Faculty\Model\Profile {#2233}
      }
      5 => Essec\Faculty\Model\CareerItem {#2262
        #_index: null
        #_id: null
        #_source: array:7 [
          "startDate" => "1960-01-15"
          "endDate" => null
          "isInternalPosition" => true
          "type" => array:2 [
            "en" => "Other Academic Appointments"
            "fr" => "Autres positions académiques"
          ]
          "label" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Professeur visitant, Département Economie"
            "en" => "Visiting Professor, Economics Department"
          ]
          "institution" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Keio University"
            "en" => "Keio University"
          ]
          "country" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Japon"
            "en" => "Japan"
          ]
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"parent": Essec\Faculty\Model\Profile {#2233}
      }
    ]
    "diplomes" => array:4 [
      0 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Diplome {#2235
        #_index: null
        #_id: null
        #_source: array:6 [
          "diplome" => "DIPLOMA"
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Diplômes"
            "en" => "Diplomas"
          ]
          "year" => "1990"
          "label" => array:2 [
            "en" => "Ph.D. in Finance"
            "fr" => "Ph.D. en Finance"
          ]
          "institution" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Wharton School"
            "en" => "Wharton School"
          ]
          "country" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "États-Unis"
            "en" => "United States of America"
          ]
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"parent": Essec\Faculty\Model\Profile {#2233}
      }
      1 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Diplome {#2237
        #_index: null
        #_id: null
        #_source: array:6 [
          "diplome" => "DIPLOMA"
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Diplômes"
            "en" => "Diplomas"
          ]
          "year" => "2005"
          "label" => array:2 [
            "en" => "Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches"
            "fr" => "Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches"
          ]
          "institution" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Université Paris-Dauphine, PSL"
            "en" => "Université Paris-Dauphine, PSL"
          ]
          "country" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "France"
            "en" => "France"
          ]
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"parent": Essec\Faculty\Model\Profile {#2233}
      }
      2 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Diplome {#2234
        #_index: null
        #_id: null
        #_source: array:6 [
          "diplome" => "DIPLOMA"
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Diplômes"
            "en" => "Diplomas"
          ]
          "year" => "1982"
          "label" => array:2 [
            "en" => "DEA Economics"
            "fr" => "DEA d'Economie"
          ]
          "institution" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Institut d'Etudes Politiques"
            "en" => "Institut d'Etudes Politiques"
          ]
          "country" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "France"
            "en" => "France"
          ]
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"parent": Essec\Faculty\Model\Profile {#2233}
      }
      3 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Diplome {#2238
        #_index: null
        #_id: null
        #_source: array:6 [
          "diplome" => "DIPLOMA"
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Diplômes"
            "en" => "Diplomas"
          ]
          "year" => "1981"
          "label" => array:2 [
            "en" => "MSc of Science in Management"
            "fr" => "MSc of Science in Management"
          ]
          "institution" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "ESSEC Business School"
            "en" => "ESSEC Business School"
          ]
          "country" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "France"
            "en" => "France"
          ]
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"parent": Essec\Faculty\Model\Profile {#2233}
      }
    ]
    "bio" => array:2 [
      "fr" => null
      "en" => "<p>Patricia Charl&eacute;ty is a professor in the Economics and Finance at ESSEC and currently chairs the Economics department. Her research interests focus on Mergers and Acquisitions and Corporate Governance. She co-authored the textbook Les D&eacute;cisions Financi&egrave;res de l&#39;Entreprise with Roland Portait, contributed chapters in several books and published articles in various economics and finance journals (Revue Economique, Finance, Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, International Review of Law and Economics,...). In 2003, she received the award for the Best Article of the year published in Finance. She was a Visiting Professor at Keio Business School in 1991. She sat for 20 years on the French Security and Exchange Scientific Advisory Board (AMF) and actively serves at the French Institute of Directors (IFA). Patricia also regularly contributes to working groups on topics like Tender Offers, Shareholder Meetings (French Ministry of Finance, Security and Exchange Commission, Caisse des D&eacute;p&ocirc;ts et Consignations).</p>"
    ]
    "department" => array:2 [
      "fr" => "Economie"
      "en" => "Economics"
    ]
    "site" => array:2 [
      "fr" => null
      "en" => "linkedin.com/in/patricia-charlety-6a7b14aa"
    ]
    "industrrySectors" => array:2 [
      "fr" => null
      "en" => null
    ]
    "researchFields" => array:2 [
      "fr" => "Microéconomie et théorie des jeux - Finance d'entreprise"
      "en" => "Microeconomics & Game Theory - Corporate Finance"
    ]
    "teachingFields" => array:2 [
      "fr" => "Finance d'entreprise"
      "en" => "Corporate Finance"
    ]
    "distinctions" => array:1 [
      0 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Distinction {#2263
        #_index: null
        #_id: null
        #_source: array:6 [
          "date" => "2003-05-01"
          "label" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Contrat de recherche avec la Fondation Caisse des Dépôts pour la Recherche : Analyse économique et financière des Prises de Participation"
            "en" => "Research Contract with the Caisse des Dépôts Foundationfor her research: Analyse économique et financière des Prises de Participation (Economic and Financial Analysis of Equity Investments)"
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Bourses"
            "en" => "Grants"
          ]
          "tri" => " 2 "
          "institution" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "country" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"parent": Essec\Faculty\Model\Profile {#2233}
      }
    ]
    "teaching" => []
    "otherActivities" => array:20 [
      0 => Essec\Faculty\Model\ExtraActivity {#2232
        #_index: null
        #_id: null
        #_source: array:9 [
          "startDate" => "1991-10-01"
          "endDate" => "1992-03-31"
          "year" => null
          "uuid" => "502"
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Activités professionnelles"
            "en" => "Professional activities"
          ]
          "subType" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Consulting"
            "en" => "Consulting"
          ]
          "label" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Caisse des Dépôts et des Consignations - Service"
            "en" => "Caisse des Dépôts et des Consignations - Service"
          ]
          "institution" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "country" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"parent": Essec\Faculty\Model\Profile {#2233}
      }
      1 => Essec\Faculty\Model\ExtraActivity {#2236
        #_index: null
        #_id: null
        #_source: array:9 [
          "startDate" => "1992-12-01"
          "endDate" => "1993-07-31"
          "year" => null
          "uuid" => "502"
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Activités professionnelles"
            "en" => "Professional activities"
          ]
          "subType" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Consulting"
            "en" => "Consulting"
          ]
          "label" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Etudes Economiques et Financières"
            "en" => "Financial and Economic Studies"
          ]
          "institution" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "country" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"parent": Essec\Faculty\Model\Profile {#2233}
      }
      2 => Essec\Faculty\Model\ExtraActivity {#2239
        #_index: null
        #_id: null
        #_source: array:9 [
          "startDate" => "1991-10-01"
          "endDate" => "1992-03-31"
          "year" => null
          "uuid" => "502"
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Activités professionnelles"
            "en" => "Professional activities"
          ]
          "subType" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Consulting"
            "en" => "Consulting"
          ]
          "label" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Etude sur les OPA-OPE, Service des Etudes Economiques et Financières de la Caisse des Dépôts et des Consignations"
            "en" => "Study on Public Takeovers and Exchanges - Department of Economic and Financial Studies  of the Caisse des Dépôts et des Consignations"
          ]
          "institution" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "country" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"parent": Essec\Faculty\Model\Profile {#2233}
      }
      3 => Essec\Faculty\Model\ExtraActivity {#2240
        #_index: null
        #_id: null
        #_source: array:9 [
          "startDate" => "1993-09-01"
          "endDate" => null
          "year" => null
          "uuid" => "501"
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Activités professionnelles"
            "en" => "Professional activities"
          ]
          "subType" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Membre d'une association professionnelle, d'un groupe d'experts ou d'un conseil d'administration"
            "en" => "Member of a professional association, of an expert group or of a board of directors"
          ]
          "label" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Coordinateur et Membre, COB Scientific Council"
            "en" => "Coordinator and Member of the COB Scientific Council"
          ]
          "institution" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "country" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"parent": Essec\Faculty\Model\Profile {#2233}
      }
      4 => Essec\Faculty\Model\ExtraActivity {#2241
        #_index: null
        #_id: null
        #_source: array:9 [
          "startDate" => "1993-03-01"
          "endDate" => "1993-09-01"
          "year" => null
          "uuid" => "599"
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Activités professionnelles"
            "en" => "Professional activities"
          ]
          "subType" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Autre activité professionnelle"
            "en" => "Other professional activity"
          ]
          "label" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Lancement et coordination du Conseil Scientifique de la COB"
            "en" => "Launch and coordination of the Scientific Council of the COB"
          ]
          "institution" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "country" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"parent": Essec\Faculty\Model\Profile {#2233}
      }
      5 => Essec\Faculty\Model\ExtraActivity {#2242
        #_index: null
        #_id: null
        #_source: array:9 [
          "startDate" => "1996-01-01"
          "endDate" => null
          "year" => null
          "uuid" => "201"
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Activités de recherche"
            "en" => "Research activities"
          ]
          "subType" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Organisation d'une conférence ou d'un séminaire"
            "en" => "Organization of a conference or a seminar"
          ]
          "label" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Seminaire sur la Gouvernance d'Entreprises à la Direction de la Prévision (avec Laurence Bloch et Françoise Maurel)"
            "en" => "Corporate Governance Seminar at the Direction de la Prévision (with Laurence Bloch and Françoise Maurel)"
          ]
          "institution" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "country" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"parent": Essec\Faculty\Model\Profile {#2233}
      }
      6 => Essec\Faculty\Model\ExtraActivity {#2243
        #_index: null
        #_id: null
        #_source: array:9 [
          "startDate" => "1996-01-01"
          "endDate" => "2020-01-30"
          "year" => null
          "uuid" => "201"
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Activités de recherche"
            "en" => "Research activities"
          ]
          "subType" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Organisation d'une conférence ou d'un séminaire"
            "en" => "Organization of a conference or a seminar"
          ]
          "label" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Organisation du Séminaire "Gouvernement d'Entreprises", Ministère des Finance (Direction de la Prévision)"
            "en" => "Organizer of the Conference "Gouvernement d'Entreprises", Ministry of Finance (Direction de la Prévision)"
          ]
          "institution" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "country" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"parent": Essec\Faculty\Model\Profile {#2233}
      }
      7 => Essec\Faculty\Model\ExtraActivity {#2244
        #_index: null
        #_id: null
        #_source: array:9 [
          "startDate" => "1997-09-01"
          "endDate" => "1997-12-01"
          "year" => null
          "uuid" => "599"
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Activités professionnelles"
            "en" => "Professional activities"
          ]
          "subType" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Autre activité professionnelle"
            "en" => "Other professional activity"
          ]
          "label" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Participation à la rédaction de l'appel d'offres sur le "Gouvernement d'Entreprises" du Commissariat Général au Plan"
            "en" => "Participation in the writing of a tender offer on "Gouvernement d'Entreprises" for the Commissariat Général au Plan"
          ]
          "institution" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "country" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"parent": Essec\Faculty\Model\Profile {#2233}
      }
      8 => Essec\Faculty\Model\ExtraActivity {#2245
        #_index: null
        #_id: null
        #_source: array:9 [
          "startDate" => "1997-09-01"
          "endDate" => "1998-05-01"
          "year" => null
          "uuid" => "201"
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Activités de recherche"
            "en" => "Research activities"
          ]
          "subType" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Organisation d'une conférence ou d'un séminaire"
            "en" => "Organization of a conference or a seminar"
          ]
          "label" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Organisation des "Journées de Printemps en économie et gestion de l'X" à l'Essec sur le thème du Gouvernement d'Entreprises"
            "en" => "Organizer of the "Journées de Printemps en économie et gestion de l'X" at Essec  on the subject of "Corporate Governments""
          ]
          "institution" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "country" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"parent": Essec\Faculty\Model\Profile {#2233}
      }
      9 => Essec\Faculty\Model\ExtraActivity {#2246
        #_index: null
        #_id: null
        #_source: array:9 [
          "startDate" => "2000-03-01"
          "endDate" => "2000-06-30"
          "year" => null
          "uuid" => "502"
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Activités professionnelles"
            "en" => "Professional activities"
          ]
          "subType" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Consulting"
            "en" => "Consulting"
          ]
          "label" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Présentation à la Direction Financière et la Direction de Ressources Humaines de Framatome et rédaction d'un rapport d'expertise sur les conséquences de la rémunération en stock-options"
            "en" => "Conference for Finance and Human Resources divisions at Framatome and writing of an expert report on the consequences of stock options compensation"
          ]
          "institution" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "country" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"parent": Essec\Faculty\Model\Profile {#2233}
      }
      10 => Essec\Faculty\Model\ExtraActivity {#2247
        #_index: null
        #_id: null
        #_source: array:9 [
          "startDate" => "2001-05-01"
          "endDate" => "2002-12-31"
          "year" => null
          "uuid" => "599"
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Activités professionnelles"
            "en" => "Professional activities"
          ]
          "subType" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Autre activité professionnelle"
            "en" => "Other professional activity"
          ]
          "label" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Responsable de l'épreuve de synthèse et membre du jury de grand oral du concours des administrateurs de la Banque de France (Mai 2001-Décembre 2001 et Mai 2002-Décembre 2002)"
            "en" => "Organizer and supervisor for the synthesis test and member of the jury for the Grand Oral of admissions to the Competitive Examination for Banque de France Administrators  (May 2001-December 2001 et May 2002-December 2002)"
          ]
          "institution" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "country" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"parent": Essec\Faculty\Model\Profile {#2233}
      }
      11 => Essec\Faculty\Model\ExtraActivity {#2248
        #_index: null
        #_id: null
        #_source: array:9 [
          "startDate" => "2002-03-01"
          "endDate" => "2002-06-30"
          "year" => null
          "uuid" => "502"
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Activités professionnelles"
            "en" => "Professional activities"
          ]
          "subType" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Consulting"
            "en" => "Consulting"
          ]
          "label" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Expertise pour le Commissariat Général au Plan de deux rapports suite à l'appel d'offres "Gouvernement d'Entreprises" ("
            "en" => "Advice and writing of two reports for the Commissariat Général au Plan after a call for tender on the theme "Gouvernement d'Entreprises""
          ]
          "institution" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "country" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"parent": Essec\Faculty\Model\Profile {#2233}
      }
      12 => Essec\Faculty\Model\ExtraActivity {#2249
        #_index: null
        #_id: null
        #_source: array:9 [
          "startDate" => "1960-01-15"
          "endDate" => null
          "year" => null
          "uuid" => "501"
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Activités professionnelles"
            "en" => "Professional activities"
          ]
          "subType" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Membre d'une association professionnelle, d'un groupe d'experts ou d'un conseil d'administration"
            "en" => "Member of a professional association, of an expert group or of a board of directors"
          ]
          "label" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Conseiller scientifique, Commission des Opérations de Bourse"
            "en" => "Scientific Council, Commission des Opérations de Bourse"
          ]
          "institution" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "country" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"parent": Essec\Faculty\Model\Profile {#2233}
      }
      13 => Essec\Faculty\Model\ExtraActivity {#2250
        #_index: null
        #_id: null
        #_source: array:9 [
          "startDate" => "2011-09-01"
          "endDate" => "2013-12-31"
          "year" => "2011"
          "uuid" => "101"
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Activités de recherche"
            "en" => "Research activities"
          ]
          "subType" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Direction d'une revue - Rédacteur en chef"
            "en" => "Chief Editor"
          ]
          "label" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Rédacteur en chef - Revue Française de Gouvernance d'Entreprise"
            "en" => "Chief editor - Revue Française de Gouvernance d'Entreprise"
          ]
          "institution" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "country" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"parent": Essec\Faculty\Model\Profile {#2233}
      }
      14 => Essec\Faculty\Model\ExtraActivity {#2251
        #_index: null
        #_id: null
        #_source: array:9 [
          "startDate" => "2016-05-01"
          "endDate" => null
          "year" => "2016"
          "uuid" => "101"
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Activités de recherche"
            "en" => "Research activities"
          ]
          "subType" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Direction d'une revue - Rédacteur en chef"
            "en" => "Chief Editor"
          ]
          "label" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Rédacteur en chef - Revue Française de Gouvernance d'Entreprise"
            "en" => "Chief editor - Revue Française de Gouvernance d'Entreprise"
          ]
          "institution" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "country" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"parent": Essec\Faculty\Model\Profile {#2233}
      }
      15 => Essec\Faculty\Model\ExtraActivity {#2252
        #_index: null
        #_id: null
        #_source: array:9 [
          "startDate" => "2014-05-01"
          "endDate" => "2015-12-31"
          "year" => "2014"
          "uuid" => "102"
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Activités de recherche"
            "en" => "Research activities"
          ]
          "subType" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Co-direction d'une revue - Co-rédacteur en chef"
            "en" => "Senior or Associate Editor"
          ]
          "label" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Co-Rédacteur en chef - Revue Française de Gouvernance d'Entreprise"
            "en" => "Associate editor - Revue Française de Gouvernance d'Entreprise"
          ]
          "institution" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "country" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"parent": Essec\Faculty\Model\Profile {#2233}
      }
      16 => Essec\Faculty\Model\ExtraActivity {#2253
        #_index: null
        #_id: null
        #_source: array:9 [
          "startDate" => "2015-01-01"
          "endDate" => null
          "year" => "2015"
          "uuid" => "103"
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Activités de recherche"
            "en" => "Research activities"
          ]
          "subType" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Membre d'un comité de lecture"
            "en" => "Editorial Board Membership"
          ]
          "label" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Membre du comité de lecture - Corporate Ownership and Control"
            "en" => "Editorial board membership - Corporate Ownership and Control"
          ]
          "institution" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "country" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"parent": Essec\Faculty\Model\Profile {#2233}
      }
      17 => Essec\Faculty\Model\ExtraActivity {#2254
        #_index: null
        #_id: null
        #_source: array:9 [
          "startDate" => "1998-01-01"
          "endDate" => "1998-12-31"
          "year" => "1998"
          "uuid" => "103"
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Activités de recherche"
            "en" => "Research activities"
          ]
          "subType" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Membre d'un comité de lecture"
            "en" => "Editorial Board Membership"
          ]
          "label" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Membre du comité de lecture - Finance Contrôle Stratégie"
            "en" => "Editorial board membership - Finance Contrôle Stratégie"
          ]
          "institution" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "country" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"parent": Essec\Faculty\Model\Profile {#2233}
      }
      18 => Essec\Faculty\Model\ExtraActivity {#2255
        #_index: null
        #_id: null
        #_source: array:9 [
          "startDate" => "2007-01-01"
          "endDate" => "2009-12-31"
          "year" => "2007"
          "uuid" => "103"
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Activités de recherche"
            "en" => "Research activities"
          ]
          "subType" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Membre d'un comité de lecture"
            "en" => "Editorial Board Membership"
          ]
          "label" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Membre du comité de lecture - Revue Française de Gouvernance d'Entreprise"
            "en" => "Editorial board membership - Revue Française de Gouvernance d'Entreprise"
          ]
          "institution" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "country" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"parent": Essec\Faculty\Model\Profile {#2233}
      }
      19 => Essec\Faculty\Model\ExtraActivity {#2256
        #_index: null
        #_id: null
        #_source: array:9 [
          "startDate" => "2011-01-01"
          "endDate" => "2019-12-31"
          "year" => "2011"
          "uuid" => "103"
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Activités de recherche"
            "en" => "Research activities"
          ]
          "subType" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Membre d'un comité de lecture"
            "en" => "Editorial Board Membership"
          ]
          "label" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Membre du comité de lecture - Revue Française de Gouvernance d'Entreprise"
            "en" => "Editorial board membership - Revue Française de Gouvernance d'Entreprise"
          ]
          "institution" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "country" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"parent": Essec\Faculty\Model\Profile {#2233}
      }
    ]
    "theses" => []
    "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:23.000Z"
    "contributions" => array:107 [
      0 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2265
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "966"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "966"
          "slug" => "des-consequences-positives-sur-la-valorisation-des-entreprises"
          "yearMonth" => "2009-01"
          "year" => "2009"
          "title" => "Des conséquences positives sur la valorisation des entreprises"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P., FAGART, M.C. et SOUAM, S. (2009). Des conséquences positives sur la valorisation des entreprises. <i>Revue Economique</i>, 60(3), pp. 679-691."
          "authors" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "FAGART M.-C."
            ]
            2 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SOUAM S."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => array:4 [
            0 => "Actionnaires minoritaires "
            1 => "Activisme"
            2 => "Fonds"
            3 => "Franchissement des seuils"
          ]
          "updatedAt" => "2020-12-17 17:55:06"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "679-691"
            "volume" => "60"
            "number" => "3"
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue scientifique"
            "en" => "Scientific journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Notre analyse boursière des opérations de dépassements de seuils en France durant la période 2001-2003 met en évidence leur impact positif pour les entreprises visées, en particulier pour le seuil de 10 %, quand le seuil est franchi par un fonds et qu'il résulte d'une politique active de ce dernier. L'hypothèse d'opérations qui seraient réalisées au bénéfice de l'opérateur et au détriment des actionnaires minoritaires ne semble donc pas vérifiée."
            "en" => "Our analysis of legal thresholds crossings in France during the years 2001 through 2003 leading to an increase in the holdings shows that they have positive wealth effects for target companies, in particular in the case of the 10% crossings resulting from an active acquiring policy from a fund. These findings do not confirm the hypothesis of operations conducted by self interested operators to the detriment of minority shareholders."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      1 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2267
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "1033"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "1033"
          "slug" => "droit-economie-et-discrimination"
          "yearMonth" => "2007-01"
          "year" => "2007"
          "title" => "Droit, économie et discrimination"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. et CONTENSOU, F. (2007). Droit, économie et discrimination. <i>Revue Internationale de Droit Economique</i>, pp. 389-414."
          "authors" => array:2 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CONTENSOU François"
              "bid" => "B00000121"
              "slug" => "contensou-francois"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => array:4 [
            0 => "Discrimination"
            1 => "Discrimination à l'embauche"
            2 => "Discrimination tarifaire"
            3 => "Rationalité économique"
          ]
          "updatedAt" => "2020-12-17 17:55:06"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "389-414"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue scientifique"
            "en" => "Scientific journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "L'objet de cet article est d'apporter un éclairage économique en complément au débat politique sur la question de la discrimination. Deux domaines particulièrement affectés par cette pratique seront coonsidérés : le marché des biens et services et le marché du travail."
            "en" => "The purpose of this article is to shed some light on the important issue of discrimination through an economy approach. We examine two fields where discrimination is frequently observed: the market for goods and services, and the labour market."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      2 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2269
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "1124"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "1124"
          "slug" => "etat-des-lieux-et-ampleur-du-phenomene-en-europe-et-dans-le-monde"
          "yearMonth" => "2002-01"
          "year" => "2002"
          "title" => "Etat des lieux et ampleur du phénomène en Europe et dans le monde"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (2002). Etat des lieux et ampleur du phénomène en Europe et dans le monde. <i>Les Cahiers de la Fondation. Europe et Société</i>, pp. 9-13."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-07-13 14:30:13"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "9-13"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue professionnelle"
            "en" => "Professional journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Après avoir retracé les caractéristiques de la vague récente de fusions-acquisitions, cet article rappelle les différents objectifs poursuivis par ces opérations et analyse leur impact patrimonial pour les actionnaires des entreprises concernées ainsi que leurs conséquences pour les entreprises concurrentes et les consommateurs à la lumière de la littérature théorique et empirique."
            "en" => "After recalling the main features of the recent merger wave, this article surveys the different motives of external growth operations and analyses their impact on the wealth of shareholders of companies involved as well as their consequences for competing firms and consumers in the light of the theoretical and empirical literature."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      3 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2266
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "1157"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "1157"
          "slug" => "eviter-les-defaillances-bancaires-en-temps-de-crise-consequences-a-long-terme-des-restructurations-du-capital-des-entreprises-financieres"
          "yearMonth" => "2010-03"
          "year" => "2010"
          "title" => "Eviter les défaillances bancaires en temps de crise : conséquences à long terme des restructurations du capital des entreprises financières"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (2010). Eviter les défaillances bancaires en temps de crise : conséquences à long terme des restructurations du capital des entreprises financières. <i>Revue d'Économie Financière</i>, 97(2), pp. 143-153."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => array:5 [
            0 => "Crise financière"
            1 => "Faillites bancaires"
            2 => "Gouvernement d'entreprise"
            3 => "Pouvoir de marché"
            4 => "Prises de participation"
          ]
          "updatedAt" => "2021-02-02 16:16:18"
          "publicationUrl" => "https://www.persee.fr/doc/ecofi_0987-3368_2010_num_97_2_5396"
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "143-153"
            "volume" => "97"
            "number" => "2"
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue scientifique"
            "en" => "Scientific journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Les prises de participations par l'Etat dans les banques en difficulté constituent une solution à court terme pour éviter les défaillances en chaîne avec leurs conséquences catastrophiques pour le crédit et la croissance. Les rapprochements effectués dans les secteurs bancaire et financier permettent également, souvent avec le soutien des pouvoirs publics, de sauver des entreprises. Sans remettre en question ces choix politiques, on souligne que ces solutions adoptées dans l'urgence peuvent avoir des conséquences négatives à plus long terme sur l'efficacité des banques et du marché du crédit, voire sur la stabilité du secteur financier."
            "en" => "Public partial or total acquisitions of bank equity constitute short-term solutions to avoid a series of bankruptcies in the financial sector with their catastrophic consequences for credit end growth. Mergers and acquisitions realized in emergency in the banking and financial sector, often with the help of public authorities, also save companies from failure. The purpose of the article is not to question those political decisions, but to stress that these emergency remedies may have negative consequences for banks and the credit market efficiency, and possibility for the stability of the financial sector in the longer run."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      4 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2270
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "1230"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "1230"
          "slug" => "fiscalite-des-stocks-options-innovation-et-gouvernement-des-entreprises"
          "yearMonth" => "2001-01"
          "year" => "2001"
          "title" => "Fiscalité des stocks options, innovation et gouvernement des entreprises"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (2001). Fiscalité des stocks options, innovation et gouvernement des entreprises. <i>Économie et Statistique</i>, pp. 32-37."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2020-12-17 17:55:06"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "32-37"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue scientifique"
            "en" => "Scientific journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "La rémunération en stock-options répond à différents objectifs : motiver les dirigeants, les inciter à la prise de risque et faciliter le financement de l'innovation , cet article analyse les mécanismes en jeu, leurs limites, les alternatives et la pertinence d'une fiscalité avantageuse dans ce contexte."
            "en" => "Compensation through stock-options aims at different objectives: to motivate managers and induce them to take more risk, to ease the financing of innovation. This article analyses the mechanisms at play, their limits, the alternatives and the justification of a favorable fiscal policy in this context."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      5 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2264
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "5336"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "5336"
          "slug" => "a-simple-model-for-tender-offers-and-the-analysis-of-the-choice-of-the-means-of-payment"
          "yearMonth" => "1989-06"
          "year" => "1989"
          "title" => "A Simple Model for Tender Offers and the Analysis of the Choice of the Means of Payment"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (1989). A Simple Model for Tender Offers and the Analysis of the Choice of the Means of Payment."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Communications dans une conférence"
            "en" => "Presentations at an Academic or Professional conference"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      6 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2268
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "5337"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "5337"
          "slug" => "a-simple-model-for-tender-offers-and-the-analysis-of-the-choice-of-the-means-of-payment"
          "yearMonth" => "1990-05"
          "year" => "1990"
          "title" => "A Simple Model for Tender Offers and the Analysis of the Choice of the Means of Payment"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (1990). A Simple Model for Tender Offers and the Analysis of the Choice of the Means of Payment."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Communications dans une conférence"
            "en" => "Presentations at an Academic or Professional conference"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      7 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2271
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "5380"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "5380"
          "slug" => "agressive-and-defensive-cash-tender-offers"
          "yearMonth" => "1990-06"
          "year" => "1990"
          "title" => "Agressive and Defensive Cash Tender Offers"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. et ARTUS, P. (1990). Agressive and Defensive Cash Tender Offers."
          "authors" => array:2 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "ARTUS P."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Communications dans une conférence"
            "en" => "Presentations at an Academic or Professional conference"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      8 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2272
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "5381"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "5381"
          "slug" => "agressive-and-defensive-cash-tender-offers"
          "yearMonth" => "1991-01"
          "year" => "1991"
          "title" => "Agressive and Defensive Cash Tender Offers"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. et ARTUS, P. (1991). Agressive and Defensive Cash Tender Offers."
          "authors" => array:2 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "ARTUS P."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Communications dans une conférence"
            "en" => "Presentations at an Academic or Professional conference"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      9 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2273
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "5382"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "5382"
          "slug" => "agressive-and-defensive-cash-tender-offers"
          "yearMonth" => "1992-06"
          "year" => "1992"
          "title" => "Agressive and Defensive Cash Tender Offers"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. et ARTUS, P. (1992). Agressive and Defensive Cash Tender Offers."
          "authors" => array:2 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "ARTUS P."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Communications dans une conférence"
            "en" => "Presentations at an Academic or Professional conference"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      10 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2274
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "1363"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "1363"
          "slug" => "incentives-for-partial-acquisitions-and-real-market-concentration"
          "yearMonth" => "2009-09"
          "year" => "2009"
          "title" => "Incentives for Partial Acquisitions and Real Market Concentration"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P., FAGART, M.C. et SOUAM, S. (2009). Incentives for Partial Acquisitions and Real Market Concentration. <i>Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics</i>, 165(3), pp. 508-534."
          "authors" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "FAGART M.-C."
            ]
            2 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SOUAM S."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => array:4 [
            0 => "Actionnaires minoritaires "
            1 => "Gouvernance d'entreprise"
            2 => "Pouvoir de marché"
            3 => "Prises de participation"
          ]
          "updatedAt" => "2020-12-17 17:55:06"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "508-534"
            "volume" => "165"
            "number" => "3"
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue scientifique"
            "en" => "Scientific journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Nous analysons les incitations d'un actionnaire de contrôle à acquérir des parts silencieuses ou contrôlantes chez un concurrent. L'acquisition, quand elle existe, s'avère nocive pour les actionnaires de la cible ou de l'acquéreur, voire les deux. La structure de propriété initiale est déterminante. La possession de parts silencieuses incite toujours à davantage de prises de participations contrôlantes et silencieuses. Cependant, si une part contrôlante initiale plus élevée favorise généralement d'autres acquisitions contrôlantes, elle décourage les prises de participations silencieuses."
            "en" => "We analyze the incentives for a controlling shareholder to acquire silent or controlling shares in a competitor. When it occurs, the acquisition is detrimental to minority shareholders of his firm, or to the target, or even to both. The ownership structure of firms turns out to be a key variable. The possession of initial silent toeholds in rivals unambiguously encourages further partial acquisitions, both controlling and silent. However, a higher initial controlling share generally stimulates controlling acquisitions, but always discourages silent ones."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      11 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2275
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "1444"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "1444"
          "slug" => "lactivisme-actionnarial-dans-lassemblee-generale-quels-benefices-pour-les-actionnaires-et-les-entreprises"
          "yearMonth" => "2018-08"
          "year" => "2018"
          "title" => "L’activisme actionnarial dans l’assemblée générale : quels bénéfices pour les actionnaires et les entreprises ?"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (2018). L’activisme actionnarial dans l’assemblée générale : quels bénéfices pour les actionnaires et les entreprises ? <i>Revue d'Économie Financière</i>, 2018(130), pp. 195-221."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-09-24 10:33:27"
          "publicationUrl" => "https://www.cairn.info/revue-d-economie-financiere-2018-2-page-195.htm"
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "195-221"
            "volume" => "2018"
            "number" => "130"
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue scientifique"
            "en" => "Scientific journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Le développement de l’activisme actionnarial s’explique en grande partie par la progression de l’actionnariat institutionnel qui représente depuis plusieurs années déjà la majorité de l’actionnariat (6 % environ en 1950 à plus de 70 % aujourd’hui aux États-Unis). Cet actionnariat cible des entreprises sur des questions de gouvernance (composition du conseil, mesures anti-OPA, etc.). Il s’oppose à certaines résolutions, en propose d’autres. En raison des évolutions réglementaires et de la quasi-obligation de voter, les fonds très diversifiés exercent pour beaucoup leurs droits de vote et s’avèrent des actionnaires « actifs » malgré une gestion passive. Plus récemment, l’arrivée des hedge funds a conduit à un mode opératoire nouveau : prise de participations significative suivie d’exigences sur la gouvernance, mais aussi sur la stratégie des entreprises. Les recherches les plus récentes indiquent globalement que l’activisme entraîne une amélioration des performances à long terme. Les prises de participations conséquentes, par des hedge funds en particulier, conduisent parfois à une réorientation de la stratégie, voire à un changement de contrôle, souvent au détriment des autres actionnaires. Peu de résultats sont à ce jour disponibles sur leurs conséquences pour les autres parties prenantes des entreprises."
            "en" => "Does Shareholders Activism in Shareholders Meeting Benefit Them and Firms? The huge increase of institutional share ownership - 6% in the 1950’s compared to 70% nowadays in the USA - is mainly responsible for the growth of shareholders activism. These shareholders challenge companies on governance matters such as the composition of the Board of Directors, anti take-over measures..., vote against resolutions and propose their own resolutions. Due to regulatory developments and an almost obligation to vote, the big diversified funds are in fact very active shareholders, even when they practice passive investing. Hedge funds also act as activists but in a different way since they acquire substantial stakes in companies in order to change their governance and strategy. Recent research highlight that shareholders activism lead to better long-term performances and in the case of hedge funds, to changes in control, sometimes detrimental to others shareholders. The effects of activism on the other stakeholders are not still well-known."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      12 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2276
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "1515"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "1515"
          "slug" => "la-gestion-institutionnelle-incitations-donnees-aux-gerants-et-performances"
          "yearMonth" => "2001-01"
          "year" => "2001"
          "title" => "La gestion institutionnelle : incitations données aux gérants et performances"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (2001). La gestion institutionnelle : incitations données aux gérants et performances. <i>Revue d'Économie Financière</i>, pp. 107-123."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2020-12-17 17:55:06"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "107-123"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue scientifique"
            "en" => "Scientific journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Le manque de transparence sur les mesures de performance des fonds semble conduire les épargnants à des choix fondés sur des classements très sommaires. Par ailleurs, le mode de rémunération et de licenciement des gérants de fonds ne les incite pas forcément à rechercher la meilleure performance. Cet article analyse les comportement s "déviants" de la recherche de la meilleure performance dans ces conditions et évalue l'ampleur de ces comportements au regard des études empiriques."
            "en" => "The lack of transparency on fund performance seems to induce customers to base their choice of funds on very poor information like rankings. On the other hand, the way fund managers are compensated and laid off does not induce them to look for the best performance. In this article, the misbehavior of fund managers is studied in the light of empirical studies."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      13 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2277
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "1563"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "1563"
          "slug" => "la-remuneration-des-dirigeants-probleme-ou-solution"
          "yearMonth" => "2007-01"
          "year" => "2007"
          "title" => "La rémunération des dirigeants : problème ou solution ?"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (2007). La rémunération des dirigeants : problème ou solution ? <i>Revue Française de Gouvernance d'Entreprise</i>, pp. 49-66."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => array:3 [
            0 => "Gouvernance des entreprises"
            1 => "Rémunération des dirigeants"
            2 => "Stock options"
          ]
          "updatedAt" => "2021-07-13 14:30:27"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "49-66"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue scientifique"
            "en" => "Scientific journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Cet article vise à éclairer le débat actuel sur la rémunération des dirigeants par un éclairage économique des faits observés. On tentera d'examiner l'efficacité de la politique de rémunération au regard de la littérature théorique et empirique."
            "en" => "This article aims at clarifying the debate on management compensation. Efficiency of the observed compensation policy is examined in the light of theoretical and empirical literature."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      14 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2278
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "1628"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "1628"
          "slug" => "le-cas-francais"
          "yearMonth" => "1994-05"
          "year" => "1994"
          "title" => "Le cas français"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. et SASSENOU, M. (1994). Le cas français. <i>Revue Economique</i>, pp. 625-637."
          "authors" => array:2 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SASSENOU M."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2020-12-17 17:55:06"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "625-637"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue scientifique"
            "en" => "Scientific journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "L'objectif de cet article est d'évaluer l'impact patrimonial des offres publiques d'achat et d'échange en France à la fin des années 1980. Il met en évidence un gain global pour l'ensemble des actionnaires des entreprises concernées avec une forte asymétrie en faveur des cibles. Le choix de l'OPE plutôt que l'OPA a pour conséquence une perte de valeur significative pour les actionnaires de l'acquéreur, ce qui confirme l'hypothèse d'un signal négatif donné au marché."
            "en" => "This paper evaluates the wealth impact of take-over bids in France in the late 80s. It suggests that shareholders of both target and acquiring firms all realize a substantial gain, of which a much bigger proportion goes to target firms' shareholders. The choice of security versus cash tender offers has a significant and negative impact on the acquiring shareholders' wealth, which confirms the bad signal hypothesis."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      15 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2279
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "1657"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "1657"
          "slug" => "le-gouvernement-dentreprise-evolution-en-france-depuis-le-rapport-vienot-de-1995"
          "yearMonth" => "2001-01"
          "year" => "2001"
          "title" => "Le gouvernement d'entreprise : évolution en France depuis le rapport Viénot de 1995"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (2001). Le gouvernement d'entreprise : évolution en France depuis le rapport Viénot de 1995. <i>Revue d'Économie Financière</i>, pp. 25-34."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2020-12-17 17:55:06"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "25-34"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue scientifique"
            "en" => "Scientific journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Depuis le premier rapport Viénot de 1995, les pratiques, les codes de bonne conduite, la loi ont beaucoup évolué en France. Cet article résume (de façon critique) les principales évolutions constatées et relève les déficiences du système français de gouvernement d'entreprise."
            "en" => "Since the first Viénot Report of 1995, pratices, codes of best practices, and regulation have evolved in France. This article critically surveys the main points and presents the remaining deficiencies of the French system of corporate governance."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      16 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2280
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "1658"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "1658"
          "slug" => "le-gouvernement-dentreprise-un-survol-de-la-litterature-theorique-et-empirique"
          "yearMonth" => "1994-11"
          "year" => "1994"
          "title" => "Le gouvernement d'entreprise : un survol de la littérature théorique et empirique"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (1994). Le gouvernement d'entreprise : un survol de la littérature théorique et empirique. <i>Bulletin mensuel COB</i>, pp. 3-19."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-07-13 14:30:30"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "3-19"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue professionnelle"
            "en" => "Professional journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "La séparation de la propriété et du contrôle, les objectifs parfois divergents des actionnaires et dirigeants, l'information supérieure de ces derniers conduisent les entreprises à dévier du comportement de maximisation de la richesse des actionnaires. Cet article passe en revue les mécanismes de "gouvernement d'entreprise" destinés à minimiser le problème d'agence (contrôle externe et contrôle interne) et résume quelques résultats empiriques concernant leur performance."
            "en" => "The separation of ownership and control, the different objectives of shareholders and managers and better information of the latter lead to corporate policies which are different from shareholders' wealth maximization. The objective of this article is to survey the different mechanisms used to minimize this agency problem (internal and external control) and discusses their efficiency from an empirical viewpoint."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      17 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2281
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "1731"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "1731"
          "slug" => "le-temps-et-la-valeur-des-entreprises-le-cas-des-offres-publiques"
          "yearMonth" => "2005-04"
          "year" => "2005"
          "title" => "Le temps et la valeur des entreprises : le cas des offres publiques"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (2005). Le temps et la valeur des entreprises : le cas des offres publiques. <i>Problèmes économiques</i>, pp. 46-48."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2020-12-17 17:55:06"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "46-48"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Presse"
            "en" => "Press"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "France"
            "en" => "France"
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "La méthode d'analyse financière des "études d'évènements" permet de mesurer la création de valeur pour les entreprises impliquées dans des prises de contrôle ainsi que pour leurs concurrents. Les opérations horizontales, qui font plus particulièrement l'objet d'article, créent davantage de valeur que les autres opérations de fusions-acquisitions. Cependant, l'analyse ne permet pas de déterminer de façon précise l'origine du gain réalisé. En effet, l'entreprise peut voir sa valeur boursière augmenter pour différentes raisons. Selon le cas, le marché anticipe une amélioration de l'efficacité productive ou un accroissement du pouvoir de marché."
            "en" => "Thanks to event-studies, it is possible to measure value creation for firms implied in a takeover as well as their competitors. Horizontal operations create more value than others. However, it is difficult to determine the origin of the gain: the increase in the share value may have different sources. In some cases, the market seems to anticipate an improvement in productive efficiency, in others an increase in market power."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      18 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2282
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "1732"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "1732"
          "slug" => "le-temps-et-la-valeur-des-entreprises-lexemple-des-offres-publiques"
          "yearMonth" => "2003-11"
          "year" => "2003"
          "title" => "Le temps et la valeur des entreprises : l'exemple des offres publiques"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (2003). Le temps et la valeur des entreprises : l'exemple des offres publiques. <i>Revue de la Concurrence et de la Consommation</i>, pp. 35-37."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-07-13 14:30:32"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "35-37"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue professionnelle"
            "en" => "Professional journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Pour le marché financier, le temps pertinent pour les opérations est le temps "présent" : les conséquences anticipées des fusions-acquisitions pour les entreprises concernées, leurs concurrents et, par déduction, les  consommateurs sont incorporées dans les cours dès l'annonce des opérations. L'analyse des réactions boursières indique notamment que les opérations horizontales créent plus de valeur que les autres, même s'il est difficile d'en connaître l'origine, efficacité ou pouvoir du marché. Par ailleurs, le marché anticipe avec une certaine clairvoyance les décisions finales des autorités de la concurrence, ce, dès la première annonce d'un projet de rapprochement."
            "en" => "The relevant "time" for financial markets is present: market prices incorporate the expected consequences of financial operations upon their annoucement, which gives an indication on their consequences for the firms implied, their competitors, and even consumers.The examination of stock price reactions in the case of mergers and acquisitions  reveals that wealth effects of horizontal arrangements are larger than others, although it is hard to know whether it is due to an increase in production efficiency or an increase in market power. Moreover, it shows that the financial market seems to be able to  predict the final decision of the competition authorities from the very first annoucement of the merger project."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      19 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2283
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "5993"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "5993"
          "slug" => "fonds-de-retraite-paritaires-au-service-des-entreprises-et-de-lemploi"
          "yearMonth" => "1998-06"
          "year" => "1998"
          "title" => "Fonds de retraite paritaires au service des entreprises et de l'emploi"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (1998). Fonds de retraite paritaires au service des entreprises et de l'emploi."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Communications dans une conférence"
            "en" => "Presentations at an Academic or Professional conference"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      20 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2284
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "6039"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "6039"
          "slug" => "gender-diversity-in-central-banks"
          "yearMonth" => "2015-06"
          "year" => "2015"
          "title" => "Gender Diversity in Central Banks"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. et SANTACREU VASUT, E. (2015). Gender Diversity in Central Banks. Dans: 32nd International Conference of the French Finance Association."
          "authors" => array:2 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "name" => "SANTACREU VASUT Estefania"
              "bid" => "B00318975"
              "slug" => "santacreu-vasut-estefania"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => "32nd International Conference of the French Finance Association"
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Communications dans une conférence"
            "en" => "Presentations at an Academic or Professional conference"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      21 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2285
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "1794"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "1794"
          "slug" => "les-defaillances-dentreprises-des-difficultes-visibles-plusieurs-annees-a-lavance"
          "yearMonth" => "1993-08"
          "year" => "1993"
          "title" => "Les défaillances d'entreprises : des difficultés visibles plusieurs années à l'avance"
          "description" => "BLAZY, R., CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. et COMBIER, J. (1993). Les défaillances d'entreprises : des difficultés visibles plusieurs années à l'avance. <i>Économie et Statistique</i>, pp. 101-109."
          "authors" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "BLAZY R."
            ]
            2 => array:1 [
              "name" => "COMBIER J."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2020-12-17 17:55:06"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "101-109"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue scientifique"
            "en" => "Scientific journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Cet article analyse le comportement et les caractéristiques économiques et financières des entreprises défaillantes en France au cours des cinq ans qui précèdent le dépôt de bilan. Les difficultés apparaissent plusieurs années avant la défaillance."
            "en" => "This article analyzes the behavior and the characteristic, of French firms in financial distress over the five-year period before bankruptcy. It shows that the difficulties are patent long before formal bankruptcy."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      22 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2286
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "1801"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "1801"
          "slug" => "les-developpements-recents-de-la-litterature"
          "yearMonth" => "1994-12"
          "year" => "1994"
          "title" => "Les développements récents de la littérature"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (1994). Les développements récents de la littérature. <i>Revue d'Économie Financière</i>, pp. 33-48."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2020-12-17 17:55:06"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "33-48"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue scientifique"
            "en" => "Scientific journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Cet article examine les relations entre les dirigeants et les actionnaires, dans la perspective de la théorie de l'agence. L'efficacité des différents mécanismes de "gouvernement d'entreprise" qui ont pour but de rapprocher la gestion de l'entreprise de l'intérêt des actionnaires est évaluée au regard des résultats de la littérature empirique."
            "en" => "This article regards the shareholder/manager relationship from the agency theory perspective. The efficiency of the various corporate governance mechanisms which aim at aligning managers' behavior on the shareholders' interests is evaluated in the light of the empirical literature."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      23 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2287
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "1807"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "1807"
          "slug" => "les-enjeux-du-gouvernement-dentreprise"
          "yearMonth" => "1998-09"
          "year" => "1998"
          "title" => "Les enjeux du gouvernement d'entreprise"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (1998). Les enjeux du gouvernement d'entreprise. <i>Encadrement Magazine</i>, pp. 23-24."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-07-13 14:30:34"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "23-24"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue professionnelle"
            "en" => "Professional journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Avant d'aborder le thème du gouvernement d'entreprise, il convient de définir clairement l'objectif de l'entreprise. Pour l'économiste, la maximisation des profits est généralement le bon critère dans la mesure où il conduit à maximiser la richesse globale et le bien être. La présence de fonds de pension dans l'actionnariat des entreprises incite les dirigeants à poursuivre cet objectif."
            "en" => "Before discussing corporate governance, it is necessary to define the objective of the firm clearly. From the economist's point of view, profit maximisation is the right criterion as long as it leads to maximizing total wealth and welfare. The presence of pension funds in firms' capital favors the pursuit of this objective by managers."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      24 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2288
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "1847"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "1847"
          "slug" => "les-offres-publiques-sur-les-titres-de-la-cote-officielle-et-du-second-marche-de-1988-a-1994-comportements-boursiers"
          "yearMonth" => "1996-07"
          "year" => "1996"
          "title" => "Les offres publiques sur les titres de la cote officielle et du second marché de 1988 à 1994 : comportements boursiers"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. et CLEMENT, R. (1996). Les offres publiques sur les titres de la cote officielle et du second marché de 1988 à 1994 : comportements boursiers. <i>Bulletin mensuel COB</i>, pp. 1-13."
          "authors" => array:2 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "CLEMENT R."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-07-13 14:30:35"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "1-13"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue professionnelle"
            "en" => "Professional journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Cette étude empirique réalisée sur les offres publiques et négociations de blocs de contrôle effectuées récemment en France met en évidence : - un impact patrimonial positif pour les actionnaires de la cible et globalement positif (acquéreurs et cibles combinés) pour les OPA et les OPE , -une convergence de la volatilité (beta) des actions de la cible et de l'acquéreur après l'opération."
            "en" => "This empirical study of the tender offers and private negotiations recently made by French companies shows : - a positive impact for target shareholders and a positive global (acquirer and target combined) effect of tender offers , - a tendency for the volatility (B) of the target and the acquirer to converge after the operation."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      25 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2289
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "1939"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "1939"
          "slug" => "limpact-des-strategies-dassurance-de-portefeuille-sur-la-volatilite-et-la-stabilite-des-marches-financiers"
          "yearMonth" => "1994-09"
          "year" => "1994"
          "title" => "L'impact des stratégies d'assurance de portefeuille sur la volatilité et la stabilité des marchés financiers"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. et PORTAIT, R. (1994). L'impact des stratégies d'assurance de portefeuille sur la volatilité et la stabilité des marchés financiers. <i>Bulletin mensuel COB</i>, pp. 73-83."
          "authors" => array:2 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "PORTAIT Roland"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-07-13 14:30:38"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "73-83"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue professionnelle"
            "en" => "Professional journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "L'utilisation des dérivés à des fins d'assurance de portefeuille influence à la fois la volatilité (variation autour du cours d'équilibre) et la stabilité (hausse ou baisse brutale du cours d'équilibre) des marchés financiers. Cet article résume les résultats d'analyses récentes et montre que c'est essentiellement l'imperfection de l'information qui est à l'origine de ces perturbations."
            "en" => "The use of derivatives for portfolio insurance influences both the volatility (variation around the equilibrium price) and the stability (sharp fall or rise of the equilibrium price) of financial markets. In the light of recent analyses, this article shows that the imperfection of information plays a crucial role."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Finance"
            "en" => "Finance"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      26 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2290
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "6399"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "6399"
          "slug" => "le-gouvernement-dentreprise-un-survol-de-la-litterature-theorique-et-empirique"
          "yearMonth" => "1994-10"
          "year" => "1994"
          "title" => "Le gouvernement d'entreprise : un survol de la littérature théorique et empirique"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (1994). Le gouvernement d'entreprise : un survol de la littérature théorique et empirique."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Communications dans une conférence"
            "en" => "Presentations at an Academic or Professional conference"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      27 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2291
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "6507"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "6507"
          "slug" => "les-opa-ope-synthese-de-la-litterature-et-etude-des-cas-telemecanique-et-providence"
          "yearMonth" => "1989-10"
          "year" => "1989"
          "title" => "Les OPA-OPE : synthèse de la littérature et étude des cas "Télémécanique"  et "Providence""
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (1989). Les OPA-OPE : synthèse de la littérature et étude des cas "Télémécanique"  et "Providence"."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Communications dans une conférence"
            "en" => "Presentations at an Academic or Professional conference"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      28 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2292
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "6508"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "6508"
          "slug" => "les-opa-ope-une-synthese-de-la-litterature"
          "yearMonth" => "1988-12"
          "year" => "1988"
          "title" => "Les OPA-OPE : une synthèse de la littérature"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (1988). Les OPA-OPE : une synthèse de la littérature."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Communications dans une conférence"
            "en" => "Presentations at an Academic or Professional conference"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      29 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2293
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "6509"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "6509"
          "slug" => "les-opa-ope-une-synthese-de-la-litterature"
          "yearMonth" => "1989-12"
          "year" => "1989"
          "title" => "Les OPA-OPE : une synthèse de la littérature"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (1989). Les OPA-OPE : une synthèse de la littérature."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Communications dans une conférence"
            "en" => "Presentations at an Academic or Professional conference"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      30 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2294
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "603"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "603"
          "slug" => "activisme-des-actionnaires-le-cas-particulier-des-fonds-de-pension"
          "yearMonth" => "2001-02"
          "year" => "2001"
          "title" => "Activisme des actionnaires : le cas particulier des fonds de pension"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (2001). Activisme des actionnaires : le cas particulier des fonds de pension. <i>Bulletin mensuel COB</i>, pp. 17-35."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-07-13 14:29:58"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "17-35"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue professionnelle"
            "en" => "Professional journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Si la passivité des petits actionnaires est naturelle, les actionnaires importants peuvent tirer profit d'un comportement actif. Cet article présente les résultats de la littérature récente sur les modes d'activisme des institutionnels et en particulier des fonds de pension et leurs conséquences."
            "en" => "Small shareholders' passivity is natural, on the other hand, large sharesholders profit directly from their activism. This article presents results from recent literature of the different means of activism used by institutional shareholders, particularly pension funds, and their consequences."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      31 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2295
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "604"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "604"
          "slug" => "activismes-des-actionnaires-le-cas-particulier-des-fonds-de-pension"
          "yearMonth" => "1999-02"
          "year" => "1999"
          "title" => "Activismes des actionnaires : le cas particulier des fonds de pension"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (1999). Activismes des actionnaires : le cas particulier des fonds de pension. <i>Echanges</i>, pp. 35-36."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-07-13 14:29:58"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "35-36"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue professionnelle"
            "en" => "Professional journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Les actionnaires jouent un rôle central dans le gouvernement des entreprises. On leur reproche parfois une relative passivité. Simultanément, on redoute qu'une "démocratie des actionnaires" limite excessivement la gestion quotidienne de l'entreprise. Ces deux remarques ne sont pas incompatibles et tiennent à la diversité des actionnaires. En pratique, leur activisme dépend fortement de deux éléments : la part du capital (ou des votes) détenue, et leur identité."
            "en" => "The role played by shareholders is central in corporate governance. Their passivity is sometimes criticized. Simultaneously, some people fear that a "shareholders democracy" may excessively limit daily management. These two remarks are compatible once shareholders diversity is recognized. In practice, their action depends on two elements: their share in the capital (or votes), and their identity."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      32 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2296
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "646"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "646"
          "slug" => "analyse-economique-des-fusions-horizontales"
          "yearMonth" => "2002-10"
          "year" => "2002"
          "title" => "Analyse économique des fusions horizontales"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. et SOUAM, S. (2002). Analyse économique des fusions horizontales. <i>Revue française d'économie</i>, pp. 37-67."
          "authors" => array:2 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SOUAM S."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2020-12-17 17:55:06"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "37-67"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue scientifique"
            "en" => "Scientific journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Cet article retrace l'évolution de l'analyse économique des fusions horizontales et examine sa portée pour la politique de concurrence. Depuis l'article pionnier de Williamson qui s'est attaché à montrer dans un cadre "naïf" l'arbitrage entre les gains de productivité et l'augmentation des prix résultant d'un plus grand pouvoir de marché, les contributions récentes, en prenant en compte les réactions stratégiques des concurrents et l'information asymétrique dans laquelle travaillent les autorités de la concurrence militent en faveur d'un durcissement des règles et nuancent le message plutôt libéral de Williamson."
            "en" => "This article recalls the evolution of the economic analysis of horizontal mergers and examines its relevance for competition policy. Since the pionner article by Williamson which showed, within a "naive model", the arbitrage between productivity gains and the price increase due to greater market power, recent contributions, taking into account the strategic reaction of competitors and the asymmetric information context in which competition authorities operate, militate in favor of thougher regulations, lessening the rather liberal message of Williamson."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      33 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2297
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "1846"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "1846"
          "slug" => "les-offres-publiques-dachat-et-dechange-une-synthese-de-la-litterature"
          "yearMonth" => "1990-09"
          "year" => "1990"
          "title" => "Les offres publiques d'achat et d'échange. Une synthèse de la littérature"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (1990). Les offres publiques d'achat et d'échange. Une synthèse de la littérature. <i>Revue Economique</i>, pp. 869-893."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2020-12-17 17:55:06"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "869-893"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue scientifique"
            "en" => "Scientific journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      34 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2298
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "659"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "659"
          "slug" => "application-des-criteres-eva-mva-dans-les-entreprises-pertinence-limites-et-effets-pervers"
          "yearMonth" => "2001-01"
          "year" => "2001"
          "title" => "Application des critères EVA-MVA dans les entreprises : pertinence, limites et effets pervers"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (2001). Application des critères EVA-MVA dans les entreprises : pertinence, limites et effets pervers. <i>Revue d'Économie Financière</i>, pp. 157-166."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2020-12-17 17:55:06"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "157-166"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue scientifique"
            "en" => "Scientific journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Le développement des principes de gouvernement d'entreprise et la pression exercée par les investisseurs conduisent un nombre croissant d'entreprises à présenter des indicateurs de création de valeur actionnariale. Cet article aborde le thème de deux points de vue : technique (en quoi la MVA différe-t-elle de la classique VAN) et critique (l'utilisation de ces critères conduit-elle à des effets pervers ?)."
            "en" => "The development of corporate governance principles and investors pressure leads a growing number of firms to use indicators of value creation. This article deals with value creation from two different points of view: from a technical point of view, does MVA differ from the classical NPV criterion? More fundamentally, does the use of these value creation criteria have perverse social effects?"
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      35 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2299
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "660"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "660"
          "slug" => "appointments-to-central-bank-boards-does-gender-matter"
          "yearMonth" => "2017-06"
          "year" => "2017"
          "title" => """
            Appointments to Central Bank Boards: \n
            Does Gender Matter?
            """
          "description" => """
            CHARLETY-LEPERS, P., ROMELLI, D. et SANTACREU VASUT, E. (2017). Appointments to Central Bank Boards: \n
            Does Gender Matter? <i>Economics Letters</i>, 155, pp. 59-61.
            """
          "authors" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "name" => "SANTACREU VASUT Estefania"
              "bid" => "B00318975"
              "slug" => "santacreu-vasut-estefania"
            ]
            2 => array:1 [
              "name" => "ROMELLI D."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => array:3 [
            0 => "Boards"
            1 => "Central banks"
            2 => "Gender"
          ]
          "updatedAt" => "2023-03-06 16:22:07"
          "publicationUrl" => "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165176517301222?via%3Dihub"
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "59-61"
            "volume" => "155"
            "number" => ""
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue scientifique"
            "en" => "Scientific journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "We build a novel dataset that allows us to track appointments to central banks boards from 2003 to 2015 in 26 OECD countries. We find that female board members tend to replace each other, suggesting a systematic bias against women."
            "en" => "We build a novel dataset that allows us to track appointments to central banks boards from 2003 to 2015 in 26 OECD countries. We find that female board members tend to replace each other, suggesting a systematic bias against women."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      36 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2300
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "685"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "685"
          "slug" => "assurance-et-couverture-de-portefeuille-volatilite-des-prix-et-stabilite-des-marches-financiers"
          "yearMonth" => "1997-07"
          "year" => "1997"
          "title" => "Assurance et couverture de portefeuille, volatilité des prix et stabilité des marchés financiers"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. et PORTAIT, R. (1997). Assurance et couverture de portefeuille, volatilité des prix et stabilité des marchés financiers. <i>Revue Economique</i>, pp. 853-868."
          "authors" => array:2 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "PORTAIT Roland"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2020-12-17 17:55:06"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "853-868"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue scientifique"
            "en" => "Scientific journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "A la suite du krach boursier de 1987, les marchés dérivés, alimentés en particulier par les stratégies d'assurance de portefeuille, ont été souvent mis en cause. L'objet de cet article est d'analyser et de tirer les enseignements de trois modèles théoriques publiés récemment relatifs à l'influence des stratégies d'assurance de portefeuille sur la volatilité des prix et la stabilité des marchés."
            "en" => "Following the 1987 financial crash, portfolio insurance and the use of derivatives have been considered to be related to financial market instabilities. The aim of this article is to present the hypotheses and conclusions of three recently published theoretical models dealing with the influence of portfolio insurance on market stability."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Finance"
            "en" => "Finance"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      37 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2301
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "6042"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "6042"
          "slug" => "genealogie-de-la-valeur-commentaire"
          "yearMonth" => "2000-06"
          "year" => "2000"
          "title" => "Généalogie de la valeur : commentaire"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (2000). Généalogie de la valeur : commentaire."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Communications dans une conférence"
            "en" => "Presentations at an Academic or Professional conference"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Le développement du gouvernement d'entreprise conduit un nombre croissant de firmes à utiliser les notions d'EVA et de MVA comme indicateurs de la création de valeur pour les actionnaires. Cet article montre que ces notions ne diffèrent guère de la classique VAN et examine les conséquences, éventuellement négatives, de l'utilisation de ces concepts."
            "en" => "The development of corporate governance leads an increasing number of firms to use the notions of EVA and MVA as indicatives of shareholders' wealth creation. This article shows that these notions do not differ fundamentally from the classical NPV and looks at the consequences of the generalized use of these concepts by firms or social welfare."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      38 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2302
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "6477"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "6477"
          "slug" => "les-defaillances-dentreprise"
          "yearMonth" => "1993-10"
          "year" => "1993"
          "title" => "Les défaillances d'entreprise"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P., BLAZY, R. et COMBIER, J. (1993). Les défaillances d'entreprise."
          "authors" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "BLAZY R."
            ]
            2 => array:1 [
              "name" => "COMBIER J."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Communications dans une conférence"
            "en" => "Presentations at an Academic or Professional conference"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Après avoir examiné les caractéristiques économiques et financières des entreprises défaillantes en France, l'article analyse l'impact de la loi sur le comportement des entreprises après la cessation des paiements."
            "en" => "After examing the economic and financial characteristics of firms in financial difficulties, the paper analyzes the impact of the bankruptcy law on companies after they have become insolvent."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      39 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2303
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "7003"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "7003"
          "slug" => "quorum-rules-and-shareholder-voting"
          "yearMonth" => "2012-07"
          "year" => "2012"
          "title" => "Quorum Rules and Shareholder Voting"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P., FAGART, M.C. et SOUAM, S. (2012). Quorum Rules and Shareholder Voting. Dans: 4th World Congress of the Game Theory Society (Games 2012)."
          "authors" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "FAGART M.-C."
            ]
            2 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SOUAM S."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => "4th World Congress of the Game Theory Society (Games 2012)"
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Communications dans une conférence"
            "en" => "Presentations at an Academic or Professional conference"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Dans cet article nous caractérisons complètement les équilibres d'un jeu dans lequel les actionnaires d'une entreprise votent pour ou contre une résolution, le vote étant coûteux. Nous prenons en considération deux types d'actionnaires : les inconditionnels qui votent systématiquement pour ou contre, et les partisans qui votent de manière stratégique. Nous montrons que l'existence et la nature des équilibres dépend crucialement de la règle de quorum et de la structure de l'actionnariat."
            "en" => "In this paper, we completely characterize the equilibria of a costly voting game where shareholders of a firm vote for or against a proposed resolution. We do consider two types of shareholders: unconditional who always vote for or against the resolution and partisans who vote strategically. We show that the existence and nature of the equilibria crucially depends on the quorum rule and on the shareholding structure."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      40 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2304
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "7175"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "7175"
          "slug" => "stop-loss-strategies-market-volatility-and-crashes"
          "yearMonth" => "1997-08"
          "year" => "1997"
          "title" => "Stop-loss Strategies, Market Volatility and Crashes"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. et PORTAIT, R. (1997). Stop-loss Strategies, Market Volatility and Crashes. Dans: Conférence annuelle de l'European Economic Association."
          "authors" => array:2 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "PORTAIT Roland"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => "Conférence annuelle de l'European Economic Association"
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Communications dans une conférence"
            "en" => "Presentations at an Academic or Professional conference"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "A l'aide d'un modèle simple faisant intervenir deux groupes d'investisseurs, des agents averses au risque et des opérateurs "stop-loss", nous montrons que les derniers sont à l'origine d'instabilité des prix et peuvent provoquer des krachs boursiers , par  ailleurs, la simple crainte de leur intervention augmente la volatilité et réduit les prix d'équilibre."
            "en" => "Using a simple model with two groups of agents, risk-averse, mean-variance and stop-loss investors, we find that active selling by the latter causes price instability and may cause crashes , moreover, even in the absence of active trading on their part, their presence increases the volatility and decreases the equilibrium price in the periods preceding their possible activity."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Finance"
            "en" => "Finance"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      41 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2305
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "7244"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "7244"
          "slug" => "tender-offers-and-their-wealth-effects-theory-and-evidence-the-french-case"
          "yearMonth" => "1993-06"
          "year" => "1993"
          "title" => "Tender Offers and their Wealth Effects, Theory and Evidence : The French Case"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. et SASSENOU, N. (1993). Tender Offers and their Wealth Effects, Theory and Evidence : The French Case."
          "authors" => array:2 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SASSENOU N."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Communications dans une conférence"
            "en" => "Presentations at an Academic or Professional conference"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Après une revue rapide des principales motivations des offres publiques et une modélisation du processus d'offres publiques et de leurs conséquences sur les cours boursiers, on évalue l'impact financier des offres publiques pour les actionnaires des acquéreurs et les cibles."
            "en" => "After a brief review of the main motivations behind takeover bids, the paper presents a microeconomic model predicting their effects on share prices and compares the results obtained with French data."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      42 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2306
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "7245"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "7245"
          "slug" => "tender-offers-and-their-wealth-effects-theory-and-evidence-the-french-case"
          "yearMonth" => "1993-08"
          "year" => "1993"
          "title" => "Tender Offers and their Wealth Effects, Theory and Evidence : The French Case"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. et SASSENOU, N. (1993). Tender Offers and their Wealth Effects, Theory and Evidence : The French Case."
          "authors" => array:2 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SASSENOU N."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Communications dans une conférence"
            "en" => "Presentations at an Academic or Professional conference"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Après une revue rapide des principales motivations des offres publiques et une modélisation du processus d'offres publiques et de leurs conséquences sur les cours boursiers, on évalue l'impact financier des offres publiques pour les actionnaires des acquéreurs et les cibles."
            "en" => "After a brief review of the main motivations behind takeover bids, the paper presents a microeconomic model predicting their effects on share prices and compares the results obtained with French data."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      43 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2307
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "7902"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "7902"
          "slug" => "analyse-economique-des-fusions-horizontales"
          "yearMonth" => "2000-10"
          "year" => "2000"
          "title" => "Analyse économique des fusions horizontales"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. et SOUAM, S. (2000). <i>Analyse économique des fusions horizontales</i>. ESSEC Business School."
          "authors" => array:2 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SOUAM S."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2020-12-17 21:00:33"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Documents de travail"
            "en" => "Working Papers"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Editeur"
            "en" => "Publisher"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "L'objet de cet article est de faire le point sur la littérature concernant l'analyse économique des fusions. Nous présentons, dans un premier temps, le modèle de Williamson qui constitue la première analyse des conséquences des fusions horizontales. Nous montrons, dans un second temps, comment le développement d'outils économiques permet d'affiner l'analyse pour prendre en considération des comportements stratégiques. Enfin, dans une dernière section, nous proposons une réflexion sur l'analyse des fusions en situation d'information asymétrique."
            "en" => "This article surveys the literature dealing with the economic analysis of mergers. We first emphasize the Williamson model which constitutes the pioneer attempt to analyze the economic consequences of horizontal mergers. In a second step, we show how the development of new economic tools helps refining the analysis by taking into account the strategic behavior of the firms. Finally, in the last section, we set the basis of the analysis of mergers in a context of asymmetric information."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      44 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2308
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "7908"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "7908"
          "slug" => "appointments-to-central-bank-boardsdoes-gender-matter"
          "yearMonth" => "2016-09"
          "year" => "2016"
          "title" => """
            Appointments to Central Bank Boards:\n
            Does Gender Matter?
            """
          "description" => """
            CHARLETY-LEPERS, P., ROMELLI, D. et SANTACREU VASUT, E. (2016). <i>Appointments to Central Bank Boards:\n
            Does Gender Matter?</i> ESSEC Business School.
            """
          "authors" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "name" => "SANTACREU VASUT Estefania"
              "bid" => "B00318975"
              "slug" => "santacreu-vasut-estefania"
            ]
            2 => array:1 [
              "name" => "ROMELLI D."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-09-24 10:33:27"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Documents de travail"
            "en" => "Working Papers"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Editeur"
            "en" => "Publisher"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "This paper provides the first systematic analysis of the evolution of female and male appointments to central bank boards. We build a novel and unique dataset that tracks appointments and replacements in a balanced panel of 26 OECD central bank boards from 2003 to 2015. We find that the likelihood of appointing a female is higher when a female rather than a male is being replaced and lower when the percentage of women on the board is already high."
            "en" => "This paper provides the first systematic analysis of the evolution of female and male appointments to central bank boards. We build a novel and unique dataset that tracks appointments and replacements in a balanced panel of 26 OECD central bank boards from 2003 to 2015. We find that the likelihood of appointing a female is higher when a female rather than a male is being replaced and lower when the percentage of women on the board is already high."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      45 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2309
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "8164"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "8164"
          "slug" => "le-gouvernement-des-groupes-de-societes"
          "yearMonth" => "1996-04"
          "year" => "1996"
          "title" => "Le gouvernement des groupes de sociétés"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (1996). <i>Le gouvernement des groupes de sociétés</i>. ESSEC Business School."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2020-12-17 21:00:33"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Documents de travail"
            "en" => "Working Papers"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Editeur"
            "en" => "Publisher"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Les groupes de sociétés occupent une place importante dans l'économie. Ce type d'organisation, qui tend à être la règle pour les grandes entreprises et les sociétés cotées, soulève des problèmes spécifiques affectant la relation entre les actionnaires et leurs mandataires, administrateurs et dirigeants. Nous abordons ces problèmes sous quatre angles différents et complémentaires, l'économie industrielle, la finance, le droit et la comptabilité."
            "en" => "Corporate companies play a very important part in the economy. This specific type of organization - which more and more major companies are using - has an influence on the relationship between shareholders and their agents : directors as well as managers. We survey this question using four different points of view : industrial economics, finance, law and economics."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      46 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2310
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "8285"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "8285"
          "slug" => "nature-des-titres-et-performance-des-entreprises"
          "yearMonth" => "1996-01"
          "year" => "1996"
          "title" => "Nature des titres et performance des entreprises"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (1996). <i>Nature des titres et performance des entreprises</i>. ESSEC Business School."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2020-12-17 21:00:33"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Documents de travail"
            "en" => "Working Papers"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Editeur"
            "en" => "Publisher"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Les titres de propriété émis par les entreprises confèrent à leurs détenteurs deux types de droit : droit de vote et droit à flux financier. Si le principe général dominant est le traitement égalitaire de tous les actionnaires, il n'est pas interdit d'introduire des inégalités. Le recours à de telles dispositions est de nature à modifier le gouvernement des entreprises. A la lumière des résultats de la littérature théorique et empirique, nous tentons d'analyser les motivations des entreprises qui émettent des titres différenciés."
            "en" => "Share-holders are usually entitled to two different rights : a right to vote, and a right to receive cash-flows. Although the general rule is "one share/one vote", it is possible to introduce some differences between shares, which is likely to affect the corporate governance of the firm. Using results of existing theoretical and empirical literature, we try to analyze the motivations of firms issuing dual-class shares."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      47 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2311
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "4773"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "4773"
          "slug" => "le-gouvernement-d-entreprise"
          "yearMonth" => "1997-01"
          "year" => "1997"
          "title" => "Le Gouvernement d' Entreprise"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (1997). Le Gouvernement d' Entreprise. Dans: <i>La lettre de l'AFSE</i>. Financial Management Association (FMA), pp. 7-9."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => "La lettre de l'AFSE"
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "7-9"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Actes d'une conférence"
            "en" => "Conference Proceedings"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Editeur"
            "en" => "Publisher"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "L'activisme des actionnaires dans le gouvernement d'entreprise est étroitement dépendant de la part du capital détenu et de leur identité. Cet article rappelle les différences observées entre les pays dans la concentration et la nature des actionnaires et analyse le rôle joué par les gros actionnaires et les minoritaires."
            "en" => "Sharehoders' activism depends crucialy on the size of their share and their identity. This article summarizes the main differences observed between countries regarding the shareholders' concentration and identity. It also analyses the role played by the large and minority shareholders."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      48 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2312
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "4806"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "4806"
          "slug" => "les-operations-de-restructuration-a-travers-le-marche-financier"
          "yearMonth" => "1997-01"
          "year" => "1997"
          "title" => "Les opérations de restructuration à travers le marché financier"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (1997). Les opérations de restructuration à travers le marché financier. Dans: <i>Le Gouvernement d'entreprise</i>. Direction de la Prévision, pp. 66-68."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => "Le Gouvernement d'entreprise"
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "66-68"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Actes d'une conférence"
            "en" => "Conference Proceedings"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Editeur"
            "en" => "Publisher"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "L'analyse économique aborde les restructurations d'entreprises de deux points de vue, à la fois différents et complémentaires : celui de l'efficacité sociale des opérations et celui de l'influence patrimoniale pour les actionnaires ou groupes d'actionnaires des entreprises concernées. Dans une première partie nous présentons les principales motivations des opérations de fusion et acquisition et leurs conséquences prévisibles en terme de bien-être global. Le point de vue plus interne des actionnaires est abordé dans la deuxième partie."
            "en" => "From an economic point of view, firm restructuring is analyzed from two different and complementary points of view : shareholders' wealth and economic welfare. We first present the motivations of M & A. We then study their impact from both the social and shareholder's points of view."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      49 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2313
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "4952"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "4952"
          "slug" => "partial-acquisitions-and-dilution-of-minority-shareholders-wealth"
          "yearMonth" => "2002-06"
          "year" => "2002"
          "title" => "Partial Acquisitions and Dilution of Minority Shareholders Wealth"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P., FAGART, M.C. et SOUAM, S. (2002). Partial Acquisitions and Dilution of Minority Shareholders Wealth. Dans: <i>AFFI Proceedings 2002</i>. Association Française de Finance (AFFI)."
          "authors" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "FAGART M.C."
            ]
            2 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SOUAM S."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => "AFFI Proceedings 2002"
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Actes d'une conférence"
            "en" => "Conference Proceedings"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Editeur"
            "en" => "Publisher"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "(Site Internet). Le modèle examine les conséquences économiques (prix, quantités et profits) et financières (prix des actions, transferts de richesse entre actionnaires) des prises de participation dans un marché oligopolistique. Les résultats montrent que des prises de participation réalisées à l'initiative d'actionnaires de contrôle ont lieu à l'équilibre, même en absence d'économies d'échelle. Elles profitent à cet actionnaire au détriment des minoritaires de sa société ou de ceux de l'entreprise visée, aux entreprises concurrentes et sont toujours néfastes pour les consommateurs (augmentation des prix)."
            "en" => "Our model examines the real economic (prices, quantities and profits) and financial (share prices, wealth transfers between shareholders) consequences of partial acquisitions in an oligopolistic market. Our results show that such operations done at the initiative of a controlling shareholder exist in equilibrium even in the absence of economies of scale, that they benefit the controlling shareholder, harm minority shareholders of his or the target company, benefit competitors and always harm consumers because of the increase in prices."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      50 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2314
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "4953"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "4953"
          "slug" => "partial-acquisitions-and-dilution-of-minority-shareholders-wealth"
          "yearMonth" => "2002-09"
          "year" => "2002"
          "title" => "Partial Acquisitions and Dilution of Minority Shareholders Wealth"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P., FAGART, M.C. et SOUAM, S. (2002). Partial Acquisitions and Dilution of Minority Shareholders Wealth. Dans: <i>EARIE'29 2002 Annual Conference Proceedings</i>. Europen Association for Research in Industrial Economics (EARIE)."
          "authors" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "FAGART M.C."
            ]
            2 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SOUAM S."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => "EARIE'29 2002 Annual Conference Proceedings"
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Actes d'une conférence"
            "en" => "Conference Proceedings"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Editeur"
            "en" => "Publisher"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Site Internet + CD-Rom Le modèle examine les conséquences économiques (prix, quantités et profits) et financières (prix des actions, transferts des richesses entre actionnaires) des prises de participation dans un marché oligopolistique. Les résultats montrent que des prises de participation réalisées à l'initiative d'actionnaires de contrôle ont lieu à l'équlibre, même en absence d'économies d'échelle. Elles profitent à cet actionnaire au détriment des minoritaires de sa société ou de ceux de l'entreprise visée, aux entreprises concurrentes et sont toujours néfastes pour les consommateurs (augmentation des prix)."
            "en" => "Our model examines real (prices, quantities and profits) and financial (share prices, wealth transferts between shareholders) of p artial acquisitions in an oligopolistic market. Our results show that such operations done at the initiative of a controlling shareholder exist in equilibrium even in the absence of economies of scale, that they benefit the controlling shareholder, harm minority shareholders of his or the target company, benefit competitors and always harm consumers because of the increase in prices."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      51 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2315
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "4967"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "4967"
          "slug" => "petits-actionnaires-et-actionnaires-minoritaires"
          "yearMonth" => "1997-01"
          "year" => "1997"
          "title" => "Petits actionnaires et actionnaires minoritaires"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (1997). Petits actionnaires et actionnaires minoritaires. Dans: <i>Le Gouvernement d'entreprise</i>. Direction de la Prévision, pp. 32-33."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => "Le Gouvernement d'entreprise"
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "32-33"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Actes d'une conférence"
            "en" => "Conference Proceedings"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Editeur"
            "en" => "Publisher"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "L'influence des actionnaires dans le gouvernement d'entreprise dépend de la part détenue et de leur identité. Après une comparaison des structures de l'actionnariat dans quelques pays, nous présentons les handicaps d'un actionnariat diffus, le rôle potentiel des actionnaires importants et les moyens d'action des minoritaires."
            "en" => "The role of shareholders in corporate governance depends very much on the size of the stake and the nature of the equity holder. After a brief comparison of the structure of capital in a few countries, we present the problem of diffused ownership and the potential role of large and minority shareholders."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      52 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2316
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "4982"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "4982"
          "slug" => "prises-de-participations-et-expropriation-des-actionnaires-minoritaires"
          "yearMonth" => "2003-06"
          "year" => "2003"
          "title" => "Prises de participations et expropriation des actionnaires minoritaires"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P., SAGART, M.C. et SOUAM, S. (2003). Prises de participations et expropriation des actionnaires minoritaires. Dans: <i>19ème Journées de Microéconomie Appliquée</i>. CREREG, INRA, CREST ENSAI."
          "authors" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SAGART M.C."
            ]
            2 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SOUAM S."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => "19ème Journées de Microéconomie Appliquée"
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Actes d'une conférence"
            "en" => "Conference Proceedings"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Editeur"
            "en" => "Publisher"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "CD-Rom. Cet article examine les stratégies de prises de participations horizontales dans une industrie oligopolistique en l'absence de synergies. Contrairement aux résultats d'autres auteurs, nous montrons qu'un actionnaire dominant peut avoir intérêt à acquérir des participations dans une entreprise rivale alors même que le profit global des deux entreprises diminue. Cela tient au fait qu'il favorise l'entreprise dans laquelle il détient in fine la participation la plus importante, au détriment des actionnaires minoritaires de l'autre entreprise. Au lancement de la prise de participation, l'expropriation prévisible des actionnaires minoritaires est incorporée dans la valeur des titres. Ceci rend l'opération rentable du point de vue de l'actionnaire dominant."
            "en" => "We study horizontal partial ownership arrangements on an oligopolistic industry in the absence of synergies. Contrary to existing results, we find that a dominant shareholder may choose to acquire shares in a competitor although the aggregate profit of the two firms is reduced. This is due to a favoritism effect: after the acquisition, the dominant shareholder will favor the firm in which he holds the relatively higher share to the detriment of shareholders of the other firm. This dilution of property rights is reflected in the value of shares when the acquisition is launched, which explains its private profitability for the dominant shareholder."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      53 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2317
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "5018"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "5018"
          "slug" => "quorum-rules-and-shareholder-voting"
          "yearMonth" => "2010-09"
          "year" => "2010"
          "title" => "Quorum Rules and Shareholder Voting"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P., FAGART, M.C. et SOUAM, S. (2010). Quorum Rules and Shareholder Voting. Dans: <i>Proceedings of the 59th Annual AFSE Conference</i>. Association Française de Science Economique (AFSE)."
          "authors" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "FAGART M.-C."
            ]
            2 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SOUAM S."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => "Proceedings of the 59th Annual AFSE Conference"
          "keywords" => array:4 [
            0 => "Assemblée générale"
            1 => "Règle de quorum"
            2 => "Structure actionnariale"
            3 => "Vote stratégique"
          ]
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Actes d'une conférence"
            "en" => "Conference Proceedings"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Editeur"
            "en" => "Publisher"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Dans cet article nous caractérisons complètement les équilibres d'un jeu dans lequel les actionnaires d'une entreprise votent pour ou contre une résolution, le vote étant coûteux. Nous prenons en considération deux types d'actionnaires : les inconditionnels qui votent systématiquement pour ou contre, et les partisans qui votent de manière stratégique. Nous montrons que l'existence et la nature des équilibres dépend crucialement de la règle de quorum et de la structure de l'actionnariat."
            "en" => "In this paper, we completely characterize the equilibria of a costly voting game where shareholders of a firm vote for or against a proposed resolution. We do consider two types of shareholders: unconditional who always vote for or against the resolution and partisans who vote strategically. We show that the existence and nature of the equilibria crucially depends on the quorum rule and on the shareholding structure."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      54 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2318
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "5019"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "5019"
          "slug" => "real-market-concentration-through-partcal-acquisitions"
          "yearMonth" => "2004-09"
          "year" => "2004"
          "title" => "Real Market Concentration through Partcal Acquisitions"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P., SAGART, M.C. et SOUAM, S. (2004). Real Market Concentration through Partcal Acquisitions. Dans: <i>EARIE'04 Proceedings</i>. Europen Association for Research in Industrial Economics (EARIE)."
          "authors" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SAGART M.C."
            ]
            2 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SOUAM S."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => "EARIE'04 Proceedings"
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Actes d'une conférence"
            "en" => "Conference Proceedings"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Editeur"
            "en" => "Publisher"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Site Internet. Nous analysons les prises de participations dans une industrie oligopolistique en l'absence de synergies. Contrairement aux résultats existants, nous montrons qu'un actionnaire dominant peut avoir intérêt à prendre des participations (passives ou contrôlantes) chez ses concurrents au détriment d'actionnaires minoritaires et que celles-ci conduisent à une diminution de bien-être. De plus, des intérêts initiaux chez les concurrents favorisent ces prises de participations."
            "en" => "We study horizontal partial acquisitions in an oligopolistic industry in the absence of synergies. Contrary to existing results, we show that a dominant shareholder may choose to acquire toeholds in rivals, silent or controlling, which harm other shareholders and decrease welfare. Moreover, the existence of initial toeholds in rivals generally entrance the incentive to acquire."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      55 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2319
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "5020"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "5020"
          "slug" => "real-market-concentration-through-partial-acquisitions"
          "yearMonth" => "2003-01"
          "year" => "2003"
          "title" => "Real Market Concentration through Partial Acquisitions"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P., FAGART, M.C. et SOUAM, S. (2003). Real Market Concentration through Partial Acquisitions. Dans: <i>20th International Meeting of French Finance Association (AFFI)</i>. Association Française de Finance (AFFI)."
          "authors" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "FAGART M.C."
            ]
            2 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SOUAM S."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => "20th International Meeting of French Finance Association (AFFI)"
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Actes d'une conférence"
            "en" => "Conference Proceedings"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Editeur"
            "en" => "Publisher"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "CD-Rom Cet article examine l'influence de la présence de participations contrôlantes ou non, sur les stratégies de production des entreprises dans une industrie oligopolistique. Il montre que ces participations sont toujours nocives pour le bien-être soial, même quand elles sont non contrôlantes."
            "en" => "This article examines the consequences for the production strategies of firms in an oligopolistic industry of silent and controlling stakes in rivals. We show that, even when they are non-controlling, stake always lead to a decrease in aggregate welfare."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      56 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2320
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "5021"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "5021"
          "slug" => "real-market-concentration-through-partial-acquisitions"
          "yearMonth" => "2003-06"
          "year" => "2003"
          "title" => "Real Market Concentration through Partial Acquisitions"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P., SAGART, M.C. et SOUAM, S. (2003). Real Market Concentration through Partial Acquisitions. Dans: <i>20èmes Journées de Microéconomie Appliquée</i>. Financial Management Association (FMA)."
          "authors" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SAGART M.C."
            ]
            2 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SOUAM S."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => "20èmes Journées de Microéconomie Appliquée"
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Actes d'une conférence"
            "en" => "Conference Proceedings"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Editeur"
            "en" => "Publisher"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "CD-Rom Cet article examine l'influence de la présence de participations contrôlantes ou non, sur les stratégies de production des entreprises dans une industrie oligopolistique. Il montre que ces participations sont toujours nocives pour le bien-être soial, même quand elles sont non contrôlantes."
            "en" => "This article examines the consequences for the production strategies of firms in an oligopolistic industry of silent and controlling stakes in rivals. We show that, even when they are non-controlling, stake always lead to a decrease in aggregate welfare."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      57 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2321
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "5084"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "5084"
          "slug" => "stop-loss-strategies-market-volatility-and-crashes"
          "yearMonth" => "1997-06"
          "year" => "1997"
          "title" => "Stop-loss Strategies, Market Volatility and Crashes"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. et PORTAIT, R. (1997). Stop-loss Strategies, Market Volatility and Crashes. Dans: <i>14e Conference Internationale de Finance</i>. Association Française de Finance (AFFI), pp. 1-25."
          "authors" => array:2 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "PORTAIT Roland"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => "14e Conference Internationale de Finance"
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "1-25"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Actes d'une conférence"
            "en" => "Conference Proceedings"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Editeur"
            "en" => "Publisher"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "A l'aide d'un modèle simple faisant intervenir deux groupes d'investisseurs, des agents averses au risque et des opérateurs "stop-loss", nous montrons que les derniers sont à l'origine d'instabilité des prix et peuvent provoquer des krachs boursiers , par  ailleurs, la simple crainte de leur intervention augmente la volatilité et réduit les prix d'équilibre."
            "en" => "Using a simple model with two groups of agents, risk-averse mean-variance and stop-loss investors, we find that active selling by the latter causes price instability and may cause crashes , moreover, even in the absence of active trading on their part, their presence increases the volatility and decreases the equilibrium price in the periods preceding their possible activity."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Finance"
            "en" => "Finance"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      58 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2322
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "5247"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "5247"
          "slug" => "will-large-shareholders-exit-or-voice"
          "yearMonth" => "2000-06"
          "year" => "2000"
          "title" => "Will Large Shareholders Exit or Voice?"
          "description" => "BIAIS, B., CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. et JULLIEN, B. (2000). Will Large Shareholders Exit or Voice? Dans: <i>Actes de la 17ème Conférence Internationale de l'AFFI</i>. Association Française de Finance (AFFI)."
          "authors" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "BIAIS B."
            ]
            2 => array:1 [
              "name" => "JULLIEN B."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => "Actes de la 17ème Conférence Internationale de l'AFFI"
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Actes d'une conférence"
            "en" => "Conference Proceedings"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Editeur"
            "en" => "Publisher"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "La séparation de la propriété (actionnaires) et du contrôle des entreprises conduit à un problème d'agence, qui peut être résolu partiellement par l'activisme d'un actionnaire important. Cependant, nous montrons que la part détenue doit être suffisamment élevée pour que ce dernier préfère la conserver et rester actif plutôt que de la vendre, et plus élevée dans le cas d'un marché fragmenté que dans un marché organisé."
            "en" => "The separation between ownership (shareholders) and control (managers) leads to an agency problem which can be partly solved by large shareholder activism. However, it is shown that his stake should be high enough to induce him to keep it and remain active rather than sell it, and higher in the case of a fragmented rather than organized market."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      59 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2323
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "12396"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "12396"
          "slug" => "france-culture-emission-entendez-vous-leco-sur-le-projet-de-fusion-entre-fiat-et-renault"
          "yearMonth" => "2019-05"
          "year" => "2019"
          "title" => "France Culture, émission "Entendez-vous l'éco?", sur le projet de fusion entre Fiat et Renault"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. 2019. <i>France Culture, émission "Entendez-vous l'éco?", sur le projet de fusion entre Fiat et Renault</i>. Mai."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-09-24 10:33:27"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Interviews : Emission radio - TV - presse écrite"
            "en" => "Interviews: radio - TV - press"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      60 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2324
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "12397"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "12397"
          "slug" => "radio-notre-dame-a-quelles-conditions-la-fusion-fiat-peugeot-peut-elle-etre-un-succes"
          "yearMonth" => "2019-11"
          "year" => "2019"
          "title" => "Radio Notre Dame, "A quelles conditions la fusion Fiat-Peugeot peut-elle être un succès?""
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. 2019. <i>Radio Notre Dame, "A quelles conditions la fusion Fiat-Peugeot peut-elle être un succès?"</i>. Novembre."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-09-24 10:33:27"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Interviews : Emission radio - TV - presse écrite"
            "en" => "Interviews: radio - TV - press"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      61 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2325
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "6640"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "6640"
          "slug" => "mandatory-voting-and-shareholder-power"
          "yearMonth" => "2016-05"
          "year" => "2016"
          "title" => "Mandatory Voting and Shareholder Power"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (2016). Mandatory Voting and Shareholder Power. Dans: 16ème Conférence International de Gouvernance."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => "16ème Conférence International de Gouvernance"
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-07-13 14:31:10"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Communications dans une conférence"
            "en" => "Presentations at an Academic or Professional conference"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      62 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2326
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "6641"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "6641"
          "slug" => "mandatory-voting-and-shareholder-power"
          "yearMonth" => "2017-07"
          "year" => "2017"
          "title" => "Mandatory Voting and Shareholder Power"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (2017). Mandatory Voting and Shareholder Power. Dans: 2017 Africa Meeting of the Econometric Society (AFES 2017)."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => "2017 Africa Meeting of the Econometric Society (AFES 2017)"
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-09-24 10:33:27"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Communications dans une conférence"
            "en" => "Presentations at an Academic or Professional conference"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      63 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2327
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "6642"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "6642"
          "slug" => "mandatory-voting-and-shareholder-power"
          "yearMonth" => "2018-11"
          "year" => "2018"
          "title" => "Mandatory Voting and Shareholder Power"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P., FAGART, M.C. et SOUAM, S. (2018). Mandatory Voting and Shareholder Power. Dans: 2018 Annual Meeting of the Association of Southern European Economic Theorists (ASSET)."
          "authors" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "FAGART M-C."
            ]
            2 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SOUAM S."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => "2018 Annual Meeting of the Association of Southern European Economic Theorists (ASSET)"
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-09-24 10:33:27"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Communications dans une conférence"
            "en" => "Presentations at an Academic or Professional conference"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      64 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2328
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "6643"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "6643"
          "slug" => "mandatory-voting-quorum-rules-and-shareholder-power"
          "yearMonth" => "2014-05"
          "year" => "2014"
          "title" => "Mandatory Voting, Quorum Rules and Shareholder Power"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P., FAGART, M.C. et SOUAM, S. (2014). Mandatory Voting, Quorum Rules and Shareholder Power. Dans: 31st International Conference of the French Finance Association."
          "authors" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "FAGART M.-C."
            ]
            2 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SOUAM S."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => "31st International Conference of the French Finance Association"
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Communications dans une conférence"
            "en" => "Presentations at an Academic or Professional conference"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      65 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2329
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "2223"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "2223"
          "slug" => "peut-on-concevoir-abus-de-position-dominante-et-ententes-dans-le-systeme-boursier"
          "yearMonth" => "1999-07"
          "year" => "1999"
          "title" => "Peut-on concevoir abus de position dominante et ententes dans le système boursier ?"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (1999). Peut-on concevoir abus de position dominante et ententes dans le système boursier ? <i>Revue de la Concurrence et de la Consommation</i>, pp. 26-30."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-07-13 14:30:46"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "26-30"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue professionnelle"
            "en" => "Professional journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Les marchés financiers présentent des caractéristiques qui sont proches des hypothèses de la concurrence pure et parfaite : marchés mondiaux, nombreux opérateurs, titres substituables. Sur ces marchés, les situations de position dominante ou d'entente susceptibles de nuire à leur bon fonctionnement sont rarement abordées. Pourtant, ces notions sont pertinentes comme l'illustrent les cas présentés dans cet article."
            "en" => "Financial markets tend to be considered as competitive: they are global, with many operators and financial securities are close substitutes. Collusion and/or dominant positions that may alter their functioning are seldom mentioned, they are however relevant as documented in this article."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      66 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2330
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "2224"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "2224"
          "slug" => "peut-on-concevoir-des-abus-de-position-dominante-et-ententes-dans-le-systeme-boursier"
          "yearMonth" => "1999-07"
          "year" => "1999"
          "title" => "Peut-on concevoir des abus de position dominante et ententes dans le système boursier ?"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (1999). Peut-on concevoir des abus de position dominante et ententes dans le système boursier ? <i>Les Petites Affiches</i>, pp. 40-43."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-07-13 14:30:46"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "40-43"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue professionnelle"
            "en" => "Professional journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Les marchés financiers présentent des caractéristiques qui sont proches des hypothèses de la concurrence pure et parfaite : marchés mondiaux, nombreux opérateurs, titres substituables. Sur ces marchés, les situations de position dominante ou d'entente susceptibles de nuire à leur bon fonctionnement sont rarement abordées. Pourtant, ces notions sont pertinentes comme l'illustrent les cas présentés dans cet article."
            "en" => "Financial markets tend to be considered as competitive: they are global, with many operators and financial securities are close substitutes. Collusion and/or dominant positions that may alter their functioning are seldom mentioned: they are however relevant as documented in this article."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      67 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2331
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "2285"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "2285"
          "slug" => "price-strategies-in-a-vertically-differentiated-mutual-fund-market"
          "yearMonth" => "2015-08"
          "year" => "2015"
          "title" => "Price Strategies in a Vertically Differentiated Mutual Fund Market"
          "description" => "LEMEUNIER, S.M. et CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (2015). Price Strategies in a Vertically Differentiated Mutual Fund Market. <i>Finance Research Letters</i>, 14, pp. 117-127."
          "authors" => array:2 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "LEMEUNIER S. M."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => array:3 [
            0 => "Vertical differentiation"
            1 => "Product quality"
            2 => "Mutual funds"
          ]
          "updatedAt" => "2021-02-02 16:16:18"
          "publicationUrl" => "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1544612315000525"
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "117-127"
            "volume" => "14"
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue scientifique"
            "en" => "Scientific journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Plusieurs auteurs montrent que les fonds fixent les prix de manière stratégique en fonction de la qualité. Cet article analyse un marché dans lequel deux fonds différenciés sont en concurrence. Leurs stratégies de prix sont déterminées en information complète puis incomplète. Nos résultats indiquent que les fonds préfèrent établir leurs prix de manière séquentielle et qu'ils sont indifférents entre être premier ou second."
            "en" => "Several academic studies show that mutual funds set their prices in a strategic way according to their level of quality. This study examines a market in which two vertically differentiated mutual funds compete. Their price strategies are determined for the cases with complete and incomplete information. Our results show that mutual funds prefer to set their prices sequentially and that they are then indifferent to being the first or the second mover."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      68 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2332
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "2289"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "2289"
          "slug" => "prises-de-participations-et-expropriation-des-actionnaires-minoritaires"
          "yearMonth" => "2003-06"
          "year" => "2003"
          "title" => "Prises de participations et expropriation des actionnaires minoritaires"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P., FAGART, M.C. et SOUAM, S. (2003). Prises de participations et expropriation des actionnaires minoritaires. <i>Finance</i>, pp. 63-92."
          "authors" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "FAGART M.C."
            ]
            2 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SOUAM S."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2020-12-17 17:55:06"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "63-92"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue scientifique"
            "en" => "Scientific journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Cet article examine les stratégies de prises de participations horizontales dans une industrie oligopolistique en l'absence de synergies. Contrairement aux résultats d'autres auteurs, nous montrons qu'un actionnaire dominant peut avoir intérêt à acquérir des participations dans une entreprise rivale alors même que le profit global des deux entreprises diminue. Cela tient au fait qu'il favorise l'entreprise dans laquelle il détient in fine la participation la plus importante, au détriment des actionnaires minoritaires de l'autre entreprise. Au lancement de la prise de participation, l'expropriation prévisible des actionnaires minoritaires est incorporée dans la valeur des titres. Ceci rend l'opération rentable du point de vue de l'actionnaire dominant."
            "en" => "We study horizontal partial ownership arrangements on an oligopolistic industry in the absence of synergies. Contrary to existing results, we find that a dominant shareholder may choose to acquire shares in a competitor although the aggregate profit of the two firms is reduced. This is due to a favoritism effect: after the acquisition, the dominant shareholder will favor the firm in which he holds the relatively higher share to the detriment of shareholders of the other firm. This dilution of property rights is reflected in the value of shares when the acquisition is launched, which explains its private profitability for the dominant shareholder."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      69 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2333
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "6793"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "6793"
          "slug" => "opa-croissance-externe"
          "yearMonth" => "1991-09"
          "year" => "1991"
          "title" => "OPA croissance externe"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (1991). OPA croissance externe."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Communications dans une conférence"
            "en" => "Presentations at an Academic or Professional conference"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      70 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2334
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "6882"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "6882"
          "slug" => "peut-on-concevoir-abus-de-position-dominante-et-ententes-dans-le-systeme-boursier"
          "yearMonth" => "1999-05"
          "year" => "1999"
          "title" => "Peut-on concevoir abus de position dominante et ententes dans le système boursier ?"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (1999). Peut-on concevoir abus de position dominante et ententes dans le système boursier ?"
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Communications dans une conférence"
            "en" => "Presentations at an Academic or Professional conference"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      71 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2335
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "6991"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "6991"
          "slug" => "quelles-caracteristiques-pour-les-cibles-dune-opa"
          "yearMonth" => "1998-05"
          "year" => "1998"
          "title" => "Quelles caractéristiques pour les cibles d'une OPA ?"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P., ROMIEU, N. et SASSENOU, N. (1998). Quelles caractéristiques pour les cibles d'une OPA ?"
          "authors" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "ROMIEU N."
            ]
            2 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SASSENOU N."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Communications dans une conférence"
            "en" => "Presentations at an Academic or Professional conference"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      72 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2336
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "7000"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "7000"
          "slug" => "quorum-rules-and-shareholder-power"
          "yearMonth" => "2016-06"
          "year" => "2016"
          "title" => "Quorum rules and Shareholder Power"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P., FAGART, M.C. et SOUAM, S. (2016). Quorum rules and Shareholder Power. Dans: 6th International Conference of the Financial Engineering and Banking Society."
          "authors" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "FAGART M.-C."
            ]
            2 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SOUAM S."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => "6th International Conference of the Financial Engineering and Banking Society"
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Communications dans une conférence"
            "en" => "Presentations at an Academic or Professional conference"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      73 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2337
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "7001"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "7001"
          "slug" => "quorum-rules-and-shareholder-power"
          "yearMonth" => "2016-08"
          "year" => "2016"
          "title" => "Quorum Rules and Shareholder Power"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P., FAGART, M.C. et SOUAM, S. (2016). Quorum Rules and Shareholder Power. Dans: 2016 European Meeting of the Econometric Society."
          "authors" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "FAGART M.-C."
            ]
            2 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SOUAM S."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => "2016 European Meeting of the Econometric Society"
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Communications dans une conférence"
            "en" => "Presentations at an Academic or Professional conference"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      74 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2338
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "7002"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "7002"
          "slug" => "quorum-rules-and-shareholder-voting"
          "yearMonth" => "2012-05"
          "year" => "2012"
          "title" => "Quorum Rules and Shareholder Voting"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P., FAGART, M.C. et SOUAM, S. (2012). Quorum Rules and Shareholder Voting. Dans: 11e Conférence Internationale de Gouvernance (CIG 2012)."
          "authors" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "FAGART M.-C."
            ]
            2 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SOUAM S."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => "11e Conférence Internationale de Gouvernance (CIG 2012)"
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Communications dans une conférence"
            "en" => "Presentations at an Academic or Professional conference"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      75 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2339
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "7004"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "7004"
          "slug" => "quorum-rules-and-shareholder-voting"
          "yearMonth" => "2013-12"
          "year" => "2013"
          "title" => "Quorum Rules and Shareholder Voting"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P., SOUAM, S. et FAGART, M.C. (2013). Quorum Rules and Shareholder Voting. Dans: 3rd World Finance Conference."
          "authors" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SOUAM S."
            ]
            2 => array:1 [
              "name" => "FAGART M.-C."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => "3rd World Finance Conference"
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Communications dans une conférence"
            "en" => "Presentations at an Academic or Professional conference"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      76 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2340
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "2534"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "2534"
          "slug" => "strategies-de-vote-en-ag-face-aux-resolutions-externes"
          "yearMonth" => "2009-12"
          "year" => "2009"
          "title" => "Stratégies de vote en AG face aux résolutions externes"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P., CHEVILLON, G. et MESSAOUDI, M. (2009). Stratégies de vote en AG face aux résolutions externes. <i>Revue Française de Gestion</i>, 198(8-9), pp. 277-296."
          "authors" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHEVILLON Guillaume"
              "bid" => "B00072304"
              "slug" => "chevillon-guillaume"
            ]
            2 => array:1 [
              "name" => "MESSAOUDI M."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => array:5 [
            0 => "Assemblées Générales"
            1 => "Règle de majorité"
            2 => "Règle de quorum"
            3 => "Résolutions externes"
            4 => "Vote stratégique"
          ]
          "updatedAt" => "2020-12-17 17:55:06"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "277-296"
            "volume" => "198"
            "number" => "8-9"
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue scientifique"
            "en" => "Scientific journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Cet article traite des rôles respectifs de la finance (actionnaires) et du management (conseil d?administration) à l?occasion des votes en assemblées générales (AG) sur des résolutions proposées par un ou plusieurs actionnaires. L?étude empirique des entreprises françaises du SBF 250 entre 2005 et 2008 fournit les éléments structurels qui président à l?adoption par l?assemblée. Conformément à l?analyse théorique, le rôle des observateurs externes tels que l?Association française de gestion dans la formation de coalitions est mis en valeur alors que la règle de majorité, simple ou qualifiée, n?a pas d?influence sur les résultats des votes."
            "en" => "This article examines the respective role of finance (shareholders) and management (board of directors) in annual meetings by examining votes on shareholder proposals. The empirical study of French companies from the SBF 250 between 2005 and 2008 provides the structural elements explaining the adoption and the approval of shareholder sponsored resolutions. In line with the theoretical analysis, we find evidence for the role of outside observers such as the French Asset Management Association in facilitating shareholder coalitions, moreover, the majority rule does not influence the results of voting on resolution."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Systèmes d'Information, Data Analytics et Opérations"
            "en" => "Information Systems, Data Analytics and Operations"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      77 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2341
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "7176"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "7176"
          "slug" => "stop-loss-strategy-market-volatility-and-crashes"
          "yearMonth" => "1998-06"
          "year" => "1998"
          "title" => "Stop-loss Strategy, Market Volatility and Crashes"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. et PORTAIT, R. (1998). Stop-loss Strategy, Market Volatility and Crashes."
          "authors" => array:2 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "PORTAIT Roland"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Communications dans une conférence"
            "en" => "Presentations at an Academic or Professional conference"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Finance"
            "en" => "Finance"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      78 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2342
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "2586"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "2586"
          "slug" => "tender-offers-and-their-wealth-effects-theory-and-evidence-for-the-french-case"
          "yearMonth" => "1994-01"
          "year" => "1994"
          "title" => "Tender Offers and their Wealth Effects : Theory and Evidence for the French Case"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. et SASSENOU, M. (1994). Tender Offers and their Wealth Effects : Theory and Evidence for the French Case. <i>Journal of Multinational Financial Management</i>, pp. 1-24."
          "authors" => array:2 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SASSENOU M."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2020-12-17 17:55:06"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "1-24"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue scientifique"
            "en" => "Scientific journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "L'objectif de cet article est de réaliser une synthèse de plusieurs résultats théoriques concernant les offres publiques d'achat et d'échange et de les confronter aux données françaises. Les résultats empiriques confirment la théorie: les offres publiques créent de la richesse, essentiellement au profit des actionnaires des cibles. On observe des différences importantes entre OPA et OPE , l'effet de la concurrence entre acquéreurs est faible."
            "en" => "The objective of the paper is to synthetize some important theoretical results concerning the tender offer process and to compare them with French evidence. The results generally confirm the theory. There is a global gain associated with tender offers, which is kept entirely by target shareholders. The use of securities as a means of payment has a negative effect and we find no impact of competition among bidders."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      79 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2343
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "7602"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "7602"
          "slug" => "voting-rules-and-shareholder-power"
          "yearMonth" => "2015-06"
          "year" => "2015"
          "title" => "Voting Rules and Shareholder Power"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P., FAGART, M.C. et SOUAM, M. (2015). Voting Rules and Shareholder Power. Dans: 32nd International Conference of the French Finance Association."
          "authors" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "FAGART M.C"
            ]
            2 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SOUAM M."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => "32nd International Conference of the French Finance Association"
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Communications dans une conférence"
            "en" => "Presentations at an Academic or Professional conference"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      80 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2344
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "2867"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "2867"
          "slug" => "voting-in-annual-meetings-and-economic-efficiency"
          "yearMonth" => "2009-01"
          "year" => "2009"
          "title" => "Voting in Annual Meetings and Economic Efficiency"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (2009). Voting in Annual Meetings and Economic Efficiency. <i>Revue Française de Gouvernance d'Entreprise</i>, (6), pp. 201-206."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => array:5 [
            0 => "Actionnaire Dominant"
            1 => "Activisme Actionnarial"
            2 => "Assemblées Générales"
            3 => "Coalitions d'actionnaires"
            4 => "Résolutions externes"
          ]
          "updatedAt" => "2021-07-13 14:31:04"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "201-206"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => "6"
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue scientifique"
            "en" => "Scientific journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Cet article résume les résultats de recherches en cours sur l'organisation des assemblées générales. Ils portent notamment sur les conditions d'émergence de coalisations d'actionnaires susceptibles de contrôler l'assemblée. Les prévisions théoriques sont testées sur le cas particulier des résolutions proposées par les actionnaires."
            "en" => "This article summarizes the results of ongoing research on the organization of annual meetings. In particular conditions under which shareholder coalitions may control the assembly are examined. Theoretical predictions are tested on the particular case of shareholder sponsored resolutions."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      81 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2345
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "3677"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "3677"
          "slug" => "fusions-acquisitions"
          "yearMonth" => "2003-01"
          "year" => "2003"
          "title" => "Fusions-acquisitions"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. et SOUAM, S. (2003). Fusions-acquisitions. Dans: <i>Encyclopaedia Universalis</i>. 1st ed. Financial Management Association (FMA)."
          "authors" => array:2 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SOUAM S."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => "Encyclopaedia Universalis"
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-09-06 14:06:32"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Chapitres"
            "en" => "Book chapters"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Editeur"
            "en" => "Publisher"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Site internet et CD-Rom. Cet article présente, de manière pédagogique, les objectifs des opérations de fusion-acquisition, les différents modes de croissance externe, les conséquences des opérations pour les entreprises concernées et leurs concurrents. Il aborde les aspects juridiques, économiques et financiers de ces opérations de manière à la fois pédagogique et rigoureuse."
            "en" => "This article presents, in a pedagogical manner, the objectives of mergers and acquisitionsd, the different modes of external growth, and the consequences of the operations from the point of view of firms implied as well as their competitors. These questions are treated in a pedagogical and rigourous manner."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      82 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2346
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "3678"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "3678"
          "slug" => "fusions-acquisitions"
          "yearMonth" => "2013-06"
          "year" => "2013"
          "title" => "Fusions-Acquisitions"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. et SOUAM, S. (2013). Fusions-Acquisitions. Dans: <i>Encyclopædia Universalis</i>. 1st ed. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc."
          "authors" => array:2 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SOUAM S."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => "Encyclopædia Universalis"
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-09-06 14:06:32"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Chapitres"
            "en" => "Book chapters"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Editeur"
            "en" => "Publisher"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "La croissance d'une entreprise revêt deux formes principales, celle d'un développement de l'activité résultant généralement d'un investissement (croissance interne) et celle d'une opération de fusion-acquisition (croissance externe). Du point de vue de l'entreprise, une opération de croissance externe devrait s'analyser comme un investissement, et donc être réalisée dès lors qu'elle est rentable pour ses actionnaires ou associés. Toutefois, l'achat de tout ou partie d'une entreprise est généralement plus complexe que celui d'une machine. Il répond à différents objectifs et peut s'effectuer selon des modes distincts. L'évaluation de la société visée est délicate et celle des gains résultant de l'opération plus encore. Les exigences du (des) vendeur(s) peuvent obérer les bénéfices de l'acheteur. Outre la rentabilité de l'opération pour les actionnaires, il peut résulter de l'opération une augmentation sensible du pouvoir de marché de l'entreprise acquéreuse. Ainsi, une opération de croissance externe a des conséquences à la fois pour les actionnaires des entreprises impliquées dans l'opération (entreprise cible et entreprise acquéreuse) et pour le secteur d'activité concerné dans son ensemble (consommateurs et concurrents). L'intervention des autorités boursières, dans le cas de sociétés cotées, et celle des autorités de la concurrence, en cas d'augmentation sensible du pouvoir de marché, entraînent en outre des coûts supplémentaires et rendent l'issue de l'opération incertaine."
            "en" => "La croissance d'une entreprise revêt deux formes principales, celle d'un développement de l'activité résultant généralement d'un investissement (croissance interne) et celle d'une opération de fusion-acquisition (croissance externe). Du point de vue de l'entreprise, une opération de croissance externe devrait s'analyser comme un investissement, et donc être réalisée dès lors qu'elle est rentable pour ses actionnaires ou associés. Toutefois, l'achat de tout ou partie d'une entreprise est généralement plus complexe que celui d'une machine. Il répond à différents objectifs et peut s'effectuer selon des modes distincts. L'évaluation de la société visée est délicate et celle des gains résultant de l'opération plus encore. Les exigences du (des) vendeur(s) peuvent obérer les bénéfices de l'acheteur. Outre la rentabilité de l'opération pour les actionnaires, il peut résulter de l'opération une augmentation sensible du pouvoir de marché de l'entreprise acquéreuse. Ainsi, une opération de croissance externe a des conséquences à la fois pour les actionnaires des entreprises impliquées dans l'opération (entreprise cible et entreprise acquéreuse) et pour le secteur d'activité concerné dans son ensemble (consommateurs et concurrents). L'intervention des autorités boursières, dans le cas de sociétés cotées, et celle des autorités de la concurrence, en cas d'augmentation sensible du pouvoir de marché, entraînent en outre des coûts supplémentaires et rendent l'issue de l'opération incertaine."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      83 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2347
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "3921"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "3921"
          "slug" => "les-fonds-de-pension-et-le-role-des-actionnaires-importants-dans-le-gouvernement-dentreprise"
          "yearMonth" => "2000-01"
          "year" => "2000"
          "title" => "Les fonds de pension et le rôle des actionnaires importants dans le gouvernement d'entreprise"
          "description" => "BURKART, O. et CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (2000). Les fonds de pension et le rôle des actionnaires importants dans le gouvernement d'entreprise. Dans: <i>Fonds de pension. Aspects économiques et financiers</i>. 1st ed. Economica, pp. 155-183."
          "authors" => array:2 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "BURKART O."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => "Fonds de pension. Aspects économiques et financiers"
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-09-06 14:06:32"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "155-183"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Chapitres"
            "en" => "Book chapters"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue scientifique"
            "en" => "Scientific journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Alors que la diversification maximale des portefeuilles est souhaitable quand les dirigeants et les actionnaires partagent la même information, ce résultat classique n'est plus valide en présence d'un problème d'agence entre dirigeants et actionnaires. Dans ce cas, les "gros" actionnaires peuvent jouer un rôle actif et contribuer à une meilleure valorisation de l'entreprise. Les fonds de pension sont susceptibles de jouer ce rôle."
            "en" => "Whereas maximum portfolio diversification prevails when managers' and shareholders' information is identical, this is no longer true in the presence of an agency problem between managers and shareholders. In this case, large shareholders' activism may enhance the value of the firm. Pension funds may play this role."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      84 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2348
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "3923"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "3923"
          "slug" => "les-fusions-acquisitions"
          "yearMonth" => "1997-01"
          "year" => "1997"
          "title" => "Les fusions-acquisitions"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. et SOUAM, S. (1997). Les fusions-acquisitions. Dans: <i>Réglementation et concurrence</i>. 1st ed. Economica, pp. 99-124."
          "authors" => array:2 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SOUAM S."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => "Réglementation et concurrence"
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-09-06 14:06:32"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "99-124"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Chapitres"
            "en" => "Book chapters"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue scientifique"
            "en" => "Scientific journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Ce chapitre présente les résultats des principales contributions théoriques sur les effets des fusions-acquisitions, d'abord d'un point de vue financier, puis économique, avant d'analyser le rôle de la réglementation boursière et de la politique de concurrence."
            "en" => "This chapter reviews the most important results concerning the effects of mergers and acquisitions from a financial and economic point of view and analyses the role of financial market regulations and merger control."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      85 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2349
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "3934"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "3934"
          "slug" => "les-offres-publiques-analyse-theorique-du-choix-de-la-methode-de-paiement-et-rendement-des-titres-des-societes-cibles-et-initiatrices"
          "yearMonth" => "1990-01"
          "year" => "1990"
          "title" => "Les offres publiques : analyse théorique du choix de la méthode de paiement et rendement des titres des sociétés cibles et initiatrices"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (1990). Les offres publiques : analyse théorique du choix de la méthode de paiement et rendement des titres des sociétés cibles et initiatrices. Dans: <i>Investissement International et Dynamique de l'Economie Mondiale</i>. 1st ed. Economica, pp. 575-594."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => "Investissement International et Dynamique de l'Economie Mondiale"
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-09-06 14:06:32"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "575-594"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Chapitres"
            "en" => "Book chapters"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue scientifique"
            "en" => "Scientific journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      86 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2350
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "4134"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "4134"
          "slug" => "remuneration-et-responsabilite-des-dirigeants"
          "yearMonth" => "2003-01"
          "year" => "2003"
          "title" => "Rémunération et responsabilité des dirigeants"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (2003). Rémunération et responsabilité des dirigeants. Dans: <i>Rapport moral sur l'argent dans le monde en 2002</i>. 1st ed. Association d'Economie Financière (AEF), pp. 207-217."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => "Rapport moral sur l'argent dans le monde en 2002"
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-09-06 14:06:32"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "207-217"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Chapitres"
            "en" => "Book chapters"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Editeur"
            "en" => "Publisher"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Après une présentation succincte du niveau et de la structure des rémunérations des dirigeants de plusieurs pays, cet article rappelle les différents objectifs poursuivis par la politique de rémunération et analyse leur efficacité au regard de la littérature empirique et des faits récents."
            "en" => "After a short presentation of management compensation in different countries (level and composition), their article recalls the main objectives of the compensation policy and analyses its efficiency based on empirical findings as well as recent facts."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      87 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2351
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "4300"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "4300"
          "slug" => "les-strategies-de-prise-de-participations-en-france-une-analyse-empirique"
          "yearMonth" => "2008-09"
          "year" => "2008"
          "title" => "Les stratégies de prise de participations en France. Une analyse empirique"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P., FAGART, M.C. et SOUAM, S. (2008). Les stratégies de prise de participations en France. Une analyse empirique. Dans: <i>Proceedings of the 57th Annual AFSE Conference</i>. Association Française de Science Economique (AFSE)."
          "authors" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "FAGART M.-C."
            ]
            2 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SOUAM S."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => "Proceedings of the 57th Annual AFSE Conference"
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-04-19 17:57:25"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Actes d'une conférence"
            "en" => "Conference Proceedings"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Editeur"
            "en" => "Publisher"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      88 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2352
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "3178"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "3178"
          "slug" => "les-decisions-financieres-de-lentreprise-methodes-et-applications"
          "yearMonth" => "2004-01"
          "year" => "2004"
          "title" => "Les décisions financières de l'entreprise. Méthodes et applications"
          "description" => "PORTAIT, R., CHARLETY-LEPERS, P., DUBOIS, D. et NOUBEL, P. (2004). <i>Les décisions financières de l'entreprise. Méthodes et applications</i>. PUF, 604 pages."
          "authors" => array:4 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "PORTAIT Roland"
            ]
            2 => array:1 [
              "name" => "DUBOIS D."
            ]
            3 => array:1 [
              "name" => "NOUBEL P."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-09-06 14:06:32"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Livres"
            "en" => "Books"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Editeur"
            "en" => "Publisher"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Cet ouvrage est à forte dominante méthodologique. A ce titre, sont exposés, en détail, les méthodes et les théories enrichissant la réflexion qui doit sous-tendre les prises de décision. Il est axé sur la formulation et la résolution de problèmes décisionnels concrets. Comment apprécier le niveau du fonds de roulement ? Comment élaborer la séquence de flux prévisionnels induite par un investissement industriel afin de fonder, rationnellement, la décision d'investir ? Comment construire un plan de trésorerie ou un plan de financement afin de prévoir le profil des financements nécessaires ? Comment analyser les risques et choisir la structure financière adéquate ? Quels sont les facteurs déterminant les décisions de fusion-acquisition, la bonne "gouvernance d'entreprise"."
            "en" => "The emphasis of this textbook is on methodology. Methods and theories which constitute the basis for decision making are presented into detail. The book is directed towards the formulation and resolution of practical decision problems. How to choose the level of working capital? What is the sequence of cash flows which should be considered for rational investment decisions in real assets? How to address the questions of cash flow management and capital budgeting? How to account for risk? What is the appropriate financing structure? What are the determinants of mergers and acquisitions decisions? What is a good "corporate governance"?"
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      89 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2353
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "3383"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "3383"
          "slug" => "activismes-des-actionnaires-le-cas-particulier-des-fonds-de-pension"
          "yearMonth" => "2000-01"
          "year" => "2000"
          "title" => "Activismes des actionnaires : le cas particulier des fonds de pension"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (2000). Activismes des actionnaires : le cas particulier des fonds de pension. Dans: <i>La mutation du contrôle de gestion</i>. 1st ed. Éditions d'Organisation, pp. 37-39."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => "La mutation du contrôle de gestion"
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2021-09-06 14:06:32"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "37-39"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Chapitres"
            "en" => "Book chapters"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Editeur"
            "en" => "Publisher"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Les "petits" actionnaires ne sont pas incités à exercer une activité de surveillance coûteuse au regard des bénéfices attendus. En revanche, un comportement plus actif des actionnaires plus importants est précipité. L'identité des actionnaires joue également un rôle : la valorisation étant l'objectif essentiel poursuivi par les fonds de pension, on peut s'attendre à une influence positive de ces derniers sur le gouvernement des entreprises."
            "en" => "Because of a "free-rider problem", small shareholders are rather passive. On the other hand, activism from large shareholders can be expected as the benefits of monitoring may exceed the costs. In particular, pension funds, which are essentially interested in maximising value, play a positive role."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      90 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2354
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "3629"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "3629"
          "slug" => "eviter-les-defaillances-bancaires-en-temps-de-crise-solutions-de-court-terme-et-consequences-a-long-terme"
          "yearMonth" => "2009-01"
          "year" => "2009"
          "title" => "Eviter les défaillances bancaires en temps de crise : solutions de court terme et conséquences à long terme"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (2009). Eviter les défaillances bancaires en temps de crise : solutions de court terme et conséquences à long terme. Dans: <i>Le leadership responsable. Un allié sûr contre la crise</i>. 1st ed. Gualino. Lextenso éditions, pp. 305-314."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => "Le leadership responsable. Un allié sûr contre la crise"
          "keywords" => array:6 [
            0 => "Banques"
            1 => "Défaillances"
            2 => "Fusions acquisitions "
            3 => "Mergers and Acquisitions"
            4 => "Pouvoir de marché"
            5 => "Prises de participation"
          ]
          "updatedAt" => "2021-09-06 14:06:32"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "305-314"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Chapitres"
            "en" => "Book chapters"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Editeur"
            "en" => "Publisher"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Afin d'éviter des défaillances dans le secteur bancaire, l'Etat a pris directement des participations dans certaines sociétés en difficultés et, dans d'autres cas, facilité le rapprochement d'organismes financiers. L'article souligne les conséquences potentiellement négatives à plus long terme de ces décisions prises dans l'urgence. Pour des raisons qui sont développées dans l'article, la présence de l'Etat au capital des banques ne garantit ni une meilleure performance des entreprises, ni même une prise de risque plus limitée et devrait être transitoire. De même les rapprochements bancaires dans un secteur déjà concentré peuvent conduire à des conditions de crédit plus coûteuses et de ce fait ralentir la croissance, voire inciter à des comportements plus risqués. Un contrôle accru ex post de la part des autorités de la concurrence s'avère nécessaire."
            "en" => "In order to avoid bankruptcies in the banking sector, the state directly acquired stakes in distressed companies, and facilitated bank mergers. This article stresses the potential negative consequences of these decisions made in emergency. For reasons developed in the article, state ownership of bank equity does not guarantee either a better performance of firms or less risk-taking, and should be transitory. Similarly, bank mergers in an already concentrated sector may lead to more costly credit consequently slowing growth and possibly favoring risky choices. A tighter control ex post by competition authorities is necessary."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      91 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2355
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "9402"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "9402"
          "slug" => "hdr"
          "yearMonth" => "2005-06"
          "year" => "2005"
          "title" => "HDR"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (2005). HDR. France."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2020-12-17 18:37:46"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "HDR"
            "en" => "HDR"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      92 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2356
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "8679"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "8679"
          "slug" => "a-qui-profite-la-fusion"
          "yearMonth" => "2006-03"
          "year" => "2006"
          "title" => "A qui profite la fusion ?"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (2006). A qui profite la fusion ? <i>Les Echos</i>."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => array:4 [
            0 => "Concentration industrielle"
            1 => "Concurrence"
            2 => "Fusion GDF-Suez"
            3 => "Variation cours boursiers"
          ]
          "updatedAt" => "2020-12-17 18:37:46"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles ou vidéos de vulgarisation"
            "en" => "Press article, video or other popular media"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Presse"
            "en" => "Press"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "En interprétant les variations des cours de bourse, cet article examine les gains attendus par les marchés financiers pour les sociétés concernées par la fusion entre Suez et GDF. Notamment, l'augmentation du cours de bourse du principal concurrent EDF semble révéler qu'une concentration accrue dans ce secteur profitera aux concurrents."
            "en" => "Based on the observation of share prices, this article examines gains expected by financial markets for firms concerned by the merger between Suez and GDF. In particular, the increase in the share price of EDF, the closest competitor, may reveal that increased concentration in the industry will benefit competitors."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      93 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2357
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "8691"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "8691"
          "slug" => "apres-la-reforme-des-retraites"
          "yearMonth" => "2004-03"
          "year" => "2004"
          "title" => "Après la réforme des retraites"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. et CONTENSOU, F. (2004). Après la réforme des retraites. <i>Les Echos</i>."
          "authors" => array:2 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CONTENSOU François"
              "bid" => "B00000121"
              "slug" => "contensou-francois"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2020-12-17 18:37:46"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles ou vidéos de vulgarisation"
            "en" => "Press article, video or other popular media"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Presse"
            "en" => "Press"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "L'impact démographique des régimes de retraites est négatif, qu'il s'agisse de capitalisation ou de répartition, et contribue au vieillissement des populations qui les ont adoptés."
            "en" => "Pension patterns, either pension funds or pay as you go systems are not given due consideration with respect to their demographic effects, apparently important in western economics."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      94 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2358
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "8750"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "8750"
          "slug" => "couts-et-avantages-de-la-cotation"
          "yearMonth" => "1997-11"
          "year" => "1997"
          "title" => "Coûts et avantages de la cotation"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (1997). Coûts et avantages de la cotation. <i>Les Echos - supplément hebdomadaire : L'Art d'Entreprendre</i>, pp. 7."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2020-12-17 18:37:46"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "7"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles ou vidéos de vulgarisation"
            "en" => "Press article, video or other popular media"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Presse"
            "en" => "Press"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "L'introduction en bourse, qui peut paraître une étape naturelle à un stade de développement de l'entreprise, résulte d'un choix fondé sur la comparaison des coûts et des avantages de la cotation. Cet article les passe en revue avant d'aborder les modalités pratiques de l'introduction en France et ses conséquences pour les épargnants et les entreprises récemment cotées."
            "en" => "Going public may seem natural when a company reaches a given size, however the decision to do so results from the comparison of the costs and advantages of being listed. This article presents these costs and advantages before describing IPO's in France and their consequences for recently listed companies and their shareholders."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      95 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2359
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "8763"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "8763"
          "slug" => "democratie-actionnariale"
          "yearMonth" => "2006-06"
          "year" => "2006"
          "title" => "Démocratie actionnariale ?"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (2006). Démocratie actionnariale ? <i>Les Echos</i>."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => array:4 [
            0 => "Assemblée générale d'actionnaires"
            1 => "Fusion"
            2 => "Intérêt des actionnaires"
            3 => "Offres publiques"
          ]
          "updatedAt" => "2020-12-17 18:37:46"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles ou vidéos de vulgarisation"
            "en" => "Press article, video or other popular media"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Presse"
            "en" => "Press"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Cet article examine les choix des entreprises de soumettre des propositions aux assemblées générales d'actionnaires plutôt que de s'en remettre au marché (cas des offres publiques notamment) , il conclut que (sous couvert de démocratie actionnariale), l'intérêt des dirigeants est souvent préservé."
            "en" => "This article examines firms' decisions to propose resolutions to shareholder meeting rather than follow the market (in particular in the case of mergers versus tender offer), the conclusions is that shareholder democracy may, ironically serve the management's interest."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      96 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2360
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "8917"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "8917"
          "slug" => "la-face-cachee-de-la-participation"
          "yearMonth" => "2001-05"
          "year" => "2001"
          "title" => "La face cachée de la participation"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. et CONTENSOU, F. (2001). La face cachée de la participation. <i>Les Echos</i>."
          "authors" => array:2 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CONTENSOU François"
              "bid" => "B00000121"
              "slug" => "contensou-francois"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2020-12-17 18:37:46"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles ou vidéos de vulgarisation"
            "en" => "Press article, video or other popular media"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Presse"
            "en" => "Press"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "La loi du 19 février 2001 sur l'épargne salariale a pour objectif d'annoncer une distribution plus équitable des richesses et une meilleure motivation des salariés. Cet article relève quelques conséquences insidieuses du dispositif qui n'ont pas été prises en compte par le législateur comme le coût inhérent à une rémunération plus risquée et l'avantage fiscal consenti aux secteurs les plus favorisés."
            "en" => "The objectives of the recently enacted French law on employee stock ownership plans are mainly to redistributed wealth in a fair manner and to better motivate employees. This article points out some unexpected consequences of the law which have been ignored by the legislator: the cost of the riskier compensation scheme and the tax advantage given by the already favored sectors."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      97 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2361
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "8999"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "8999"
          "slug" => "le-gouvernement-dentreprise"
          "yearMonth" => "1997-02"
          "year" => "1997"
          "title" => "Le gouvernement d'entreprise"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (1997). Le gouvernement d'entreprise. <i>La lettre du CREST</i>, pp. 1-3."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2020-12-17 18:37:46"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "1-3"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles ou vidéos de vulgarisation"
            "en" => "Press article, video or other popular media"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Presse"
            "en" => "Press"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "La séparation de la propriété (actionnaires) et du contrôle (dirigeants) dans les grandes sociétés peut conduire à un problème d'agence, les dirigeants orientant la gestion en fonction de leurs propres intérêts (construction d'empires, avantages en nature...), différents de ceux des actionnaires (la valorisation du capital investi). Cet article présente l'ensemble des dispositifs visant à résoudre en partie ce problème d'agence."
            "en" => "Separation of the ownership (shareholders) and control (managers) in the large companies can lead to a problem of agency, management being oriented according to personal  objectives (empire building, perks), different from the shareholders (value). This article reviews the mechanisms that may partially solve this problem of agency."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      98 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2362
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "9000"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "9000"
          "slug" => "le-gouvernement-dentreprise"
          "yearMonth" => "1997-01"
          "year" => "1997"
          "title" => "Le gouvernement d'entreprise"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (1997). Le gouvernement d'entreprise. <i>La lettre de l'AFSE</i>, pp. 7-9."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2020-12-17 18:37:46"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "7-9"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles ou vidéos de vulgarisation"
            "en" => "Press article, video or other popular media"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Presse"
            "en" => "Press"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "L'activisme des actionnaires dans le gouvernement d'entreprise est étroitement dépendant de la part du capital détenu et de leur identité. Cet article rappelle les différences observées entre les pays dans la concentration et la nature des actionnaires et analyse le rôle joué par les gros actionnaires et les minoritaires."
            "en" => "Sharehoders' activism depends crucialy on the size of their share and their identity. This article summarizes the main differences observed between countries regarding the shareholders' concentration and identity. It also analyses the role played by the large and minority shareholders."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      99 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2363
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "9080"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "9080"
          "slug" => "les-debuts-difficiles-de-lactivisme-actionnarial"
          "yearMonth" => "2002-06"
          "year" => "2002"
          "title" => "Les débuts difficiles de l'activisme actionnarial"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. et JACQUET, P.P. (2002). Les débuts difficiles de l'activisme actionnarial. <i>Les Echos</i>, pp. 52."
          "authors" => array:2 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "JACQUET P.P."
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2020-12-17 18:37:46"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "52"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles ou vidéos de vulgarisation"
            "en" => "Press article, video or other popular media"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Presse"
            "en" => "Press"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Cet article examine le rôle des gérants français dans le gouvernement d'entreprise et en particulier à l'occasion du vote en assemblée générale. En se fondant sur les résultats d'une enquête menée à l'ESSEC auprès de la profession, il souligne la place croissante que prend la démocratie actionnariale. A titre d'illustration, si les gérants concèdent n'exercer leur droit de vote que très rarement, 49 % d'entre eux déclarent avoir rejeté la mise en place d'une limitation de droit de vote et 46 % le renouvellement d'un administrateur."
            "en" => "This article examines the role of French fund managers in corporate governance, in particular their voting behaviour in annual meetings. Based on the results of a survey conducted at Essec Business School, the article stresses the growing importance of shareholder democracy. For example, although fund managers confess to vote only rarely, 49% claim to have rejected a resolution limiting the voting right and 46% to have voted against the renewal of a director."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      100 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2364
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "9142"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "9142"
          "slug" => "loi-sur-les-defaillances-en-france-du-code-de-colbert-a-la-reforme-badinter"
          "yearMonth" => "1997-11"
          "year" => "1997"
          "title" => "Loi sur les défaillances en France : du code de Colbert à la réforme Badinter."
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (1997). Loi sur les défaillances en France : du code de Colbert à la réforme Badinter. <i>Les Echos - supplément hebdomadaire : L'Art d'Entreprendre</i>, pp. 8."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2020-12-17 18:37:46"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "8"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles ou vidéos de vulgarisation"
            "en" => "Press article, video or other popular media"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Presse"
            "en" => "Press"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "La législation sur les défaillances d'entreprises date du Moyen Age. Du but initial de punir sévèrement le défaillant, la loi s'est attachée à préserver les entreprises viables (1967) puis l'intérêt social (1985) plus généralement. L'article retrace l'évolution des objectifs poursuivis et les moyens mis en oeuvre au cours du temps."
            "en" => "Bankrupcy law in France can be traced up to the Middle Ages. From the initial objective to punish, the French legislation has evolved in order to preserve viable firms (1967) and, more recently, to preserve "general interest" (1985). This article summarizes this evolution and the main features of the different laws."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      101 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2365
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "9173"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "9173"
          "slug" => "ne-pas-supprimer-les-bonus-mais-en-ameliorer-le-calcul"
          "yearMonth" => "2009-08"
          "year" => "2009"
          "title" => "Ne pas supprimer les bonus, mais en améliorer le calcul"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (2009). Ne pas supprimer les bonus, mais en améliorer le calcul. <i>Le Monde Initiatives</i>."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => array:5 [
            0 => "Bonus"
            1 => "Prise de risque individuelle"
            2 => "Régulation"
            3 => "Risque Global"
            4 => "Trader"
          ]
          "updatedAt" => "2020-12-17 18:37:46"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles ou vidéos de vulgarisation"
            "en" => "Press article, video or other popular media"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Presse"
            "en" => "Press"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Sans remettre en question les mécanismes d¿attribution des bonus, qui associent logiquement les traders aux performances, on peut s¿interroger sur les excès auxquels les montants en jeu conduisent notamment dans l¿incitation à la prise de risque individuelle mais plus encore collective quand les banques sont exposées au même type de risque. Seul un organisme international et indépendant est en mesure d¿assurer une régulation efficace."
            "en" => "By associating traders to performance, the mechanism of bonuses to traders should be maintained. However the excessive amounts involved have perverse incentives, in particular on individual and global risk-taking in situations where banks face the sale type of risk. Only a truly independent and international body may regulate the sector efficiency."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      102 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2366
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "9283"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "9283"
          "slug" => "stock-options-un-mode-de-remuneration-controverse"
          "yearMonth" => "2000-04"
          "year" => "2000"
          "title" => "Stock-options : un mode de rémunération controversé"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (2000). Stock-options : un mode de rémunération controversé. <i>Les Echos</i>, pp. 10-11."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2020-12-17 18:37:46"
          "publicationUrl" => null
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "10-11"
            "volume" => null
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles ou vidéos de vulgarisation"
            "en" => "Press article, video or other popular media"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Presse"
            "en" => "Press"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "La concurrence entre entreprises pour recruter, motiver et conserver les meilleurs dirigeants explique le développement de la rémunération sous forme de stock-options. Cet article présente par quels mécanismes les stocks-options conduisent à une meilleure gestion et à plus d'esprit d'entreprise ainsi que les coûts et les effets pervers de ce mode de rémunération."
            "en" => "Competition between firms alone explains the pervasive use of stock-options (ESOPS). The objective of this article is to analyze the mechanisms by which stock-options lead to a better management from the perspective of shareholders and to highlight their costs and possible negative aspects."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      103 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2367
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "10731"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "10731"
          "slug" => "mandatory-voting-large-shareholder-power-and-wolf-packs"
          "yearMonth" => "2019-09"
          "year" => "2019"
          "title" => "Mandatory Voting, Large Shareholder Power and Wolf Packs"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P., FAGART, M.C. et SOUAM, S. (2019). Mandatory Voting, Large Shareholder Power and Wolf Packs. <i>Finance</i>, 40(2), pp. 51-76."
          "authors" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "FAGART Marie-Cécile"
            ]
            2 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SOUAM Saîd"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => array:6 [
            0 => "General meeting"
            1 => "strategic voting"
            2 => "institutional shareholders"
            3 => "mandatory voting"
            4 => "proxy advisors"
            5 => "wolf packs"
          ]
          "updatedAt" => "2021-09-24 10:33:27"
          "publicationUrl" => "https://doi.org/10.3917/fina.402.0051"
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "51-76"
            "volume" => "40"
            "number" => "2"
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue scientifique"
            "en" => "Scientific journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Quelles sont les conséquences de l’exercice systématique du vote par certains actionnaires (par exemple les investisseurs institutionnels), alors que d’autres, les partisans, votent de manière stratégique ? Nous montrons que l’exercice systématique du vote a deux effets opposés sur les résultats de l’assemblée générale en fonction de la structure de l’actionnariat : un renforcement du pouvoir du groupe dominant de votants systématiques, mais également une incitation à voter pour s’opposer à ce même groupe pour les partisans. Nous appliquons nos résultats à différentes structures de propriété. Nous soulignons notamment l’importance, pour le conseil d’administration, d’avoir le soutien du plus gros partisan, nous examinons le rôle des « proxy advisors », ainsi que les conditions d’une opposition réussie à l’actionnaire dominant par un ou plusieurs actionnaires (« wolf pack »)."
            "en" => "Our model develops a theory of how systematic voters (e.g., institutional shareholders) who always vote, in addition to partisans who vote strategically, affect the outcome of general meetings. Depending on the shareholder structure, we show that systematic voting has two opposite consequences for meeting outcomes: it reinforces the power of the largest group of systematic voters, and less expectedly, it also creates an incentive for partisans to vote to oppose together this largest group. We apply our results to different ownership structures. In particular, we emphasize the importance, for the board, of having the support of the largest partisan and the role of proxy advisors and examine the conditions under which blockholders can successfully oppose the largest group of systematic voters either alone or together (wolf pack)."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      104 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2368
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "10756"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "10756"
          "slug" => "quorum-rules-and-shareholder-voting"
          "yearMonth" => "2019-12"
          "year" => "2019"
          "title" => "Quorum Rules and Shareholder Voting"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P., FAGART, M.C. et SOUAM, S. (2019). Quorum Rules and Shareholder Voting. <i>International Review of Law and Economics</i>, 60."
          "authors" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            1 => array:1 [
              "name" => "FAGART Marie-Cécile"
            ]
            2 => array:1 [
              "name" => "SOUAM Saîd"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => array:6 [
            0 => "Shareholder Meeting"
            1 => "Strategic voting"
            2 => "Quorum rule"
            3 => "Coalitions"
            4 => "Shareholder proposal"
            5 => "Controlling shareholders"
          ]
          "updatedAt" => "2021-09-24 10:33:27"
          "publicationUrl" => "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2019.105855"
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => null
            "volume" => "60"
            "number" => null
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue scientifique"
            "en" => "Scientific journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "We analyze how a minimum quorum affects shareholder voting in meetings. We show that a quorum creates an incentive for coalition formation of shareholders supporting the resolution. It works as a coordination device for possibly small shareholders allied in a winning voting coalition. It also generates an equilibrium in which the resolution is not adopted due to lack of quorum. The shareholder structure is central to the determination of the outcome of the vote. A resolution supported by the dominant shareholder is always adopted if his ownership reaches the quorum. However, allied blockholders can successfully approve a resolution opposed by the dominant owner. As a consequence, it is more effective for an active shareholder to propose and pass a resolution than to oppose a board resolution. Finally, we find that the dominant shareholder de facto controls the meeting when his share by far exceeds the second largest share."
            "en" => "We analyze how a minimum quorum affects shareholder voting in meetings. We show that a quorum creates an incentive for coalition formation of shareholders supporting the resolution. It works as a coordination device for possibly small shareholders allied in a winning voting coalition. It also generates an equilibrium in which the resolution is not adopted due to lack of quorum. The shareholder structure is central to the determination of the outcome of the vote. A resolution supported by the dominant shareholder is always adopted if his ownership reaches the quorum. However, allied blockholders can successfully approve a resolution opposed by the dominant owner. As a consequence, it is more effective for an active shareholder to propose and pass a resolution than to oppose a board resolution. Finally, we find that the dominant shareholder de facto controls the meeting when his share by far exceeds the second largest share."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      105 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2369
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "12105"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "12105"
          "slug" => "les-investisseurs-financiers-des-activistes-efficaces-face-aux-risques-climatiques"
          "yearMonth" => "2020-01"
          "year" => "2020"
          "title" => "Les investisseurs financiers : des activistes efficaces face aux risques climatiques ?"
          "description" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS, P. (2020). Les investisseurs financiers : des activistes efficaces face aux risques climatiques ? <i>Revue d’Économie Financière</i>, 138(2), pp. 139-155."
          "authors" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2023-01-28 01:00:40"
          "publicationUrl" => "https://doi.org/10.3917/ecofi.138.0139"
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "139-155"
            "volume" => "138"
            "number" => "2"
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue scientifique"
            "en" => "Scientific journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Les risques liés au réchauffement climatique figurent parmi les premières préoccupations des investisseurs : physiques, réglementaires, ou de dévaluation des actifs, ils touchent toutes les entreprises. La prise de conscience de ces risques s'est d'abord traduite par une exigence de transparence sur les conséquences possibles des changements climatiques et la mesure de l'empreinte carbone. Les investisseurs, en particulier les institutionnels et les fonds spécialisés en investissement social et responsable, adoptent désormais un comportement plus actif. En excluant certains titres d'entreprises jugées trop polluantes, en engageant un dialogue avec les entreprises ou en soumettant des résolutions climat à l'ordre du jour des assemblées générales, ils contribuent à rendre les entreprises plus responsables. L'activisme semble accueilli favorablement par les marchés financiers et ne se fait pas au détriment de la valeur actionnariale."
            "en" => "The risks associated with global warming are among the first concerns of investors: physical, regulatory, or devaluation of assets, they affect all companies. Awareness of these risks first translated into a requirement for transparency on the possible consequences of climate change and the measurement of the carbon footprint."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Economie"
            "en" => "Economics"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
      106 => Essec\Faculty\Model\Contribution {#2370
        #_index: "academ_contributions"
        #_id: "12856"
        #_source: array:18 [
          "id" => "12856"
          "slug" => "honoring-the-memory-of-professor-roland-portait"
          "yearMonth" => "2022-03"
          "year" => "2022"
          "title" => "Honoring the Memory of Professor Roland Portait"
          "description" => "PONCET, P., CHARLETY-LEPERS, P., DUMAS, B., BAJEUX-BESNAINOU, I. et CROITORU, B. (2022). Honoring the Memory of Professor Roland Portait. <i>Finance</i>, 43(2022/1), pp. 3-45."
          "authors" => array:5 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "name" => "PONCET Patrice"
              "bid" => "B00000430"
              "slug" => "poncet-patrice"
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "name" => "CHARLETY-LEPERS Patricia"
              "bid" => "B00000096"
              "slug" => "charlety-lepers-patricia"
            ]
            2 => array:1 [
              "name" => "DUMAS Bernard"
            ]
            3 => array:1 [
              "name" => "BAJEUX-BESNAINOU Isabelle"
            ]
            4 => array:1 [
              "name" => "CROITORU Benjamin"
            ]
          ]
          "ouvrage" => ""
          "keywords" => []
          "updatedAt" => "2023-01-27 01:00:42"
          "publicationUrl" => "https://doi.org/10.3917/fina.431.0003"
          "publicationInfo" => array:3 [
            "pages" => "3-45"
            "volume" => "43"
            "number" => "2022/1"
          ]
          "type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Articles"
            "en" => "Journal articles"
          ]
          "support_type" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Revue scientifique"
            "en" => "Scientific journal"
          ]
          "countries" => array:2 [
            "fr" => null
            "en" => null
          ]
          "abstract" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "As a tribute to our colleague Roland Portait, Finance has decided to dedicate this special issue in his memory. Professor Portait has served for many years as the co-editor of Finance, and he has been instrumental to the development of the journal. This article is a collection of personal testimonies reflecting on Roland Portait’s career and contribution to our field. It is followed by research articles that were selected from a call for papers, released last year, on the topic of portfolio optimization – an area of research to which Professor Portait significantly contributed. Some of these articles will also appear in the next issue of Finance."
            "en" => "As a tribute to our colleague Roland Portait, Finance has decided to dedicate this special issue in his memory. Professor Portait has served for many years as the co-editor of Finance, and he has been instrumental to the development of the journal. This article is a collection of personal testimonies reflecting on Roland Portait’s career and contribution to our field. It is followed by research articles that were selected from a call for papers, released last year, on the topic of portfolio optimization – an area of research to which Professor Portait significantly contributed. Some of these articles will also appear in the next issue of Finance."
          ]
          "authors_fields" => array:2 [
            "fr" => "Finance"
            "en" => "Finance"
          ]
          "indexedAt" => "2024-12-21T18:21:44.000Z"
        ]
        +lang: "fr"
        +"_type": "_doc"
        +"_score": 4.8986382
        +"parent": null
      }
    ]
    "avatar" => "https://faculty.essec.edu/wp-content/uploads/avatars/B00000096.jpg"
    "contributionCounts" => 107
    "personalLinks" => []
    "docTitle" => "Patricia CHARLETY-LEPERS"
    "docSubtitle" => "Professeur"
    "docDescription" => "Département: Economie<br>Campus de Cergy"
    "docType" => "cv"
    "docPreview" => "<img src="https://faculty.essec.edu/wp-content/uploads/avatars/B00000096.jpg"><span><span>Patricia CHARLETY-LEPERS</span><span>B00000096</span></span>"
    "academ_cv_info" => ""
  ]
  #_index: "academ_cv"
  +lang: "fr"
  +"_type": "_doc"
  +"_score": 5.0369525
  +"parent": null
}